Program Planning Flashcards
(147 cards)
1
Q
Whose support do you need the most
A
Top dogs
2
Q
Who should you involve in planning
A
Recipients of the program
3
Q
What should the rationale be specific to
A
The organization
4
Q
What are stakeholders most concerned with
A
Protecting human resources
5
Q
What are benefits of a program for the stakeholders
A
Cut costs for chronic diseases
6
Q
What merits should you focus on
A
Those that match the values of the stakeholders
7
Q
2 steps in creating a rationale
A
Needs/ social asessment
Epidemiological data
8
Q
What could be some problems about asking people about their programs
A
Bias
May not tell you about the problems
9
Q
Goal of needs assessment
A
Have a list of defined, prioritized problems needs and aspirations of the target population
10
Q
4 things to identify in a needs assessment
A
Most significant health problem
Organizations capacity to solve problem
Most promising interventions
Communitys strengths, resources and assets
11
Q
2 types of needs
A
Service needs
Service demands
12
Q
Service needs
A
Problems and solutions deemed suitable by health professionals
13
Q
Service demands
A
Problems and solutions deemed suitable by the people
14
Q
Pros and cons of secondary data
A
Already available, inexpensive, time saving
May not be reliable and may not identify needs of target population
15
Q
High Risk Strategies
A
People at high risk of a certain disease are targeted to receive health intervention
16
Q
4 adavantages of high risk strategies
A
Appropriate for person receiving it
Motivation of practitioners and patients
Financial sensibility
Benefits are favorable over risks
17
Q
4 disadvantages of high risk strategies
A
Medicalization of prevention
Results are palliative and temporary
Behavioural insufficiencies
Difficult to predict impact on entire population
18
Q
Population based strategies
A
Targets entire population to decrease disease incidence and overall risk factors
19
Q
What is the goal of population based strategies
A
To change behaviour and practices of the entire population
20
Q
3 advantages of population based strategies
A
Radical- find root cause and erradicate it
Powerful potential for health gains
Behaviourally appropriate- works with social norms
21
Q
2 limitations of population based approaches
A
Benefits are minimal to individuals
Lack of motivation for patients and practitioners
22
Q
When do we use population based strategies
A
When the health problem has permeated the entire population
23
Q
Health Promotion
A
Enabling people to increase control over and improve their health
24
Q
What was motivational interviewing initially intended for
A
addictions
25
7 components in the spirit of motivational interviewing
Motivation to change from the client and isnt imposed
Clients task to articulate and resolve ambivalence
Direct persuasion is not effective
Counselling style is quiet and elicting
Counsellor is directive
Readiness to change is a fluctuating product of interpersonal interaction
Therapeutic relationship is more like a partnership
26
Guiding principles of motivational interviewing (RULE)
R- resisting the righting reflex
U- understand clients motivation
L- listen with empathy
E- empower your client
27
Co- active coaching
Coach and client are equal collaborators- help people help themselves
28
4 components of coaching
Client is naturally creative, resourceful and whole
Co- active coaching addresses the clients whole life
Agenda comes from the client
Aim is to evoke transformation
29
3 assumptions about clients
They have the answers or can find them
Dont need to fix the client
Often barriers to accessing answers
30
Coach's role
Work with the client to deepen their learning and forward their action
31
Coach/ client relationship
Client gives and takes form relationship but coach only gives
32
Self- discolure
Alleviates psychological distress after traumatic events
33
What part of the brain does self discolsure stimulate
Mesolimbic dopamine system that responds to rewards
34
4 steps in creating a rationale
Identify appropriate background information
Title rationale
Write Content
List references
35
What is the first step in creating a rationale
Conducting a needs assessment
36
Cost- benefit analysis
Yield dollar benefit received from dollars invested
37
Return on investment
Costs of benefit versus the financial return
38
Evidence based practice
Find, appraise and use evidence as basis for decision making
39
What should you write first in the rationale
Identify health problem from a global (macro) perspective
| Include economic costs
40
Problem Statement
Concise explanation of issue to be addressed
| Why is it a problem and why should it be dealt with
41
Social Math
Translating statistics and data so it is interesting and meaningful to your audience
42
What are the last things to write in the rationale
Propose a solution
| Explain why the program will be successful
43
10 planning committee guidelines
Represent variety of subgroups within population
Include somebody with the health problem
People interested in seeing program succeed
Include key person in organization sponsoring program
Representatives of other stakeholders
Committee membership reevaluated regularly
Periodically add new members
Be aware of the politics
Large enough to get work done, small to reach consensus
Multiple layers and subgroups
44
Institutionalized
Program becomes embedded in organization and is sustained and durable
45
Organizational Culture
Establishing a health supporting culture
46
Need
Difference between present situation and more desirable one
47
Needs Assessment
Identifying, analyzing and prioritizing needs of population to implement solution strategies
48
What is the most important step in planning
Needs Assessment
49
Capacity
Individual, organizational and community resources that enable community to take action
50
Community Capacity
Characteristics of the community that affect ability to identify, mobilize and address social and public health issues
51
2 situations when needs assessment is not conducted
One conducted recently for a similar program- limited resources
Funding agency deals with only one specific need
52
Categorical Funds
Mist be used for dealing with a specific disease
53
Capacity Building
Activities that enhance the resources of individuals, organizations, communities to improve their effectiveness and take action
54
Interactive contact methods
Primary data
55
No contact methods
Secondary data
56
Single Step Survey
Gather primary data from groups or individuals with a single contact
57
Self Report
Answering questions about themselves
58
Advantage of Single Step Survey
Quick to administer and requires little interpretation
59
Bias
Distorted because of how data was collected
60
Proxy Measure
Provides evidence that behaviour has occured when direct data can not be collected
61
3 sources of proxy measure
Significant others
Opinion leaders
Key Informants
62
Opinion leaders
Well respected in the community and can accurately represent the views of the priority population -- highly visible
63
Key Informant
Strategically placed individuals in the community with knowledge and ability to report on needs of priority population
64
Most often used method of collecting self report data
Questionnaires
65
Pros and cons of questionnaires
Reach large amount of respondants in short time period, low cost
Low response rate
66
Pros and cons of interviews
Time consuming, training required
| Gain more complete data and response rate is high
67
Random Digit Dialing
Phone number combinations are chosen at random
68
Group Interview
Gather information from many respondants at once but people may influence each others answers
69
Multistep survey
People provide data on more than one occasion
70
Delphi technique
Generates consensus through series of questionnaires delivered by mail or electronically
71
Community Forum
Brings people together to discuss problems and needs
72
Problem with community forum
Silent majority are unheard and the vocal people's opinions are then considered to be true for the entire population
73
Focus Group
8- 12 people share opinions about an issue
74
Nominal Group Process
Few knowledgeable representatives record answers first and then read responses allowed
75
Minimal contact method
Observation
76
Observation
Notice taken of an indicator
77
Obtrusive Observation
People know they are being observed and behavior may change
78
Observer bias
Different observers interpret events differently
79
Windshield Tour
Slowly driving through a neighbourhood to look for health indicators
80
Participatory Data Collection
People in population participate in data colellection
81
Photovoice
People use cameras to convey their own meaning of community strengths and weaknesses
82
Health Risk Appraisal
Estimate odds that a person with certain characteristics will die from selected causes within a given time span
83
Governement agency data
Agencies collect data on a regular basis. Free access
84
Existing records
Collected as a by product of service efforts. May have difficulty gaining access
85
PsycINFO
Psychological literature from 1800s- present. Focus on behavioural science and mental health
86
Medline
Bibliographic database covering life science and biomedicine
87
CINAHL
Cumulative index to nursing and applied health literature
88
ETHXWeb
Covers ethics, legal and public policy issues
89
6 steps in conducting a needs assessment
```
Determine purpose and scope
Gather data
Analyze data
Identify risk factors of health problem
Identify program focus
Validate the need
```
90
Community Assessment
Collect wide range of data, compare importance of problems and set priorities
91
Basic Priority Rating Model
Rate 4 different components of needs and insert them into a formula to determine rating between 0 and 100
92
4 rating components in BPR
A- size of problem
B- seriousness of problem
C- Effectiveness of possible interventions
D- PEARL
93
What does PEARL stand for in BPR
```
Propriety
Economics
Acceptability
Resources
Legality
```
94
BPR formula
(A+B)C/ 3 x D
95
Treatment
Activities that permit the most effective and efficient achievement of outcomes
96
Intervention
Theory based strategy that priority population will be exposed to
97
Multiplicity
Number of activities that will make up the intervention
98
Dose
Number of program units delivered
99
Strategy
General plan of action for affecting health problem
100
6 types of strategies
```
Health communication
Health education
Health policy/ enforcement
Environmental change
Health- related community service
Community Mobilization
```
101
Health communication
Study and use of communication strategies to inform and influence individual and community decisions affecting health
102
Why are health communication strategies presented first
All HP programs include some form of communication
Highest penetration rate
Cost effective
103
Penetration Rate
Number in priority population exposed
104
4 components of the Multidirectional Communication Model
```
Sender (Top down) messages
Consumer created (bottom up)
Consumer shared (side to side)
Consumers seeking information
```
105
4 types of communication channels
Intrapersonal- one on one
Intrapersonal- small groups
Community/ organization
Mass media
106
Tailoring
Information or strategies intended to reach a specific person
107
Personalizing
Putting recipients name in the message
108
Targeting
Providing standardized information to a segmented group
109
2 ways to deliver health education through telephone
Individual initiated
| Outreach
110
Health Coaching
Using health assessment results, a coach assists client in identifying health enhancing goals and motivates them
111
4 unique characteristics of social media
Consumer generated, organized and distributed
Information can be revised and updated immediately
Low cost for creation and maintenance
Entertaining to use
112
5 adult learning principles
Know why they are learning
Motivated to learn by need to solve problems
Previous experience is respected and built upon
Learning approaches that match background and diversity
Actively involved in learning process
113
POST
People, objectives, strategy , technology
| Used for interventions including social media
114
Health Literacy
Degree that people have the capacity to obtain and understand health information and services to make appropriate health decisions
115
What grade level should you write in when presenting health information
Grade 6
116
Health Education
Planned learning experiences designed to predispose, enable and reinforce voluntary health behaviours
117
Curriculum
Planned set of lessons designed to lead to competence in an area of study
118
Scope
Breadth and depth of material covered in a curriculum
119
5 stages of health education application
```
Gain attention
Present stimulus material
Provide guidance
Elicit performance and provide feedback
Enhance retention and transfer
```
120
Health policy startegies
Mandated and regulated
121
Antistatist Beliefs
Less concerned about what government does to benefit people and more concerned about what they are doing to control poeple
122
Problem with health policy strategies
They do not allow the voluntary behavior that is conducive to health
123
Block's 6 phases of policy making
```
Agenda setting
Policy formulation
Policy adoption
Implementation
Policy Assessment
Policy Modification
```
124
Environmental change strategies
Creating health enhancing environments
125
Health related community service strategies
Reduce barriers to obtaining health services and treatments
126
Community Mobilization startegies
Take action of shared concerns by particapatory decision making and empowerment
127
2 sub categories of community mobilization
Community organization and building
| Community Advocacy
128
Community Organization
Community groups are helped to identify common problems, mobilize resources and implement strategies to reach collective goals
129
Community Building
Orientation to community that is strength based rather than needs based and celebrates community assets
130
Community Advocacy
People become involved in the institutions and decisions that will have an impact on their lives
131
Health Advocacy
Actions attempt to bring about social, environmental and organizational change on behalf of a particular goal, program or population
132
Seven ways of advocating for health
```
Influencing voting behavior
Electioneering
Direct lobbying
Integrating grassroots lobbying into direct lobbying efforts
Using internet
Media advocacy
Acting as a resource person
```
133
Behaviour modification
Systematic procedure for changing behaviour based on stimulus response and social cognitive theories
134
Organizational Culture Activities
Change cultural norms of the community
135
Cultural audit
Evaluation of values, norms and cultural characteristics of an organization to determine if they support or hinder goals
136
5 influences on organization's health supporting culture
```
Shaping cultural health values
Shaping cultural health norms
Use cultural touch points
Encourage peer support
Build a supportive cultural climate for wellness
```
137
Incentives
Anticipated desirable reward designed to influence behaviour
138
2 types of incentives
Financial
| Non financial
139
Disincentives
Anticipated negative consequence designed to influence behaviour
140
HIPAA
Make it illegal for employees to discriminate based on health status
141
GINA
Prohibits discrimination in healthcare coverage and employment based on genetics
142
5 criteria for developing interventions
```
Address one or more modifiable and preventable risk factors
Consider uniqueness of target population
Effectively reduce risk factors
Make optimum use of available resources
Operation and effects can be evaluated
```
143
What factors should interventions focus on
Behavioural and environmental
144
Best Practices
Existing interventions that have been evaluated
145
Best Experience
Existing interventions that have not been evaluated
146
Bets Processes
Creating an original intervention
147
Segmenting
Dividing population into smaller groups with similar characteristics
