Progress Achievement week Flashcards
(30 cards)
What is a Marauder
Someone who chooses to offend near home
What is a Commuter
Someone who offends farther away from home, due to threat of being recognised
What is Geographical Profiling?
Geographical profiling uses statistics and data to look into potential offenders and make a judgement on connections between different crimes
What are Limitations of geographical Profiling?
- Profiling relies on accurate data which not all data is accurate
- profilers need to ensure they haven’t missed any crimes in that area
What are the strengths of Geographical Profiling?
- Allows police to prioritise resources
- Narrows done the list of suspects
What is surveillance?
Commonly known as CCTV is used to look into potential offenders and make a judgment on connections between crimes
What is covert surveillance?
Covert surveillance is known as CCTV and is used to look into cases such as street crimes for example robbery
What is covert human intelligence?
Covert human intelligence is when cops go undercover to find information about the targeted suspect
What are limitations of surveillance?
- Unethical as there have been cases where undercover cops would use dead babies identities
- Goes against human rights and invades privacy
What are Strengths of the labelling theory?
- Shows how the law is often discriminatory, highlights the consequences of labelling
- highlights weakness in official statistics which allows bias in law
What are weaknesses of the labelling theory?
- ignores victims of crimes and only focuses on the criminals
- potential romanticising of crimes
- labelling does not always lead to self fulfilling prophecy
What are strengths of Marxism?
- provide explanation of crimes that includes all social classes and a variety of offences
- Highlights impact of selective law enforcement and how white collar crime is under policed
What are weakness’s of Marxism?
- Ignores the non class inequalities such as green beer and ethnicity
- overstated amount of crime in working class communities, not all working class commit crime and not all capitalist societies have high crime rates eg Japan
What are two functions of crime for society?
- It enables jobs eg police force lawyers
- strengthens social cohesion/willingness of members of society to cooperate with one another
Two features of Lombroso
- Criminals are a separate species
- Criminals are born and have features that can easily identify they are criminals, criminality is heritable
- high cheekbones, large ears
Two features of Sheldon
- Your somatotype can be used to find out if you commit crime
- Three somatotypes endomorphic, ectomorphic, mesomorphic, the mesomorphic body type is muscular and most likely it to commit crime as they are violent and the strongest
Describe Eysenck personality theory
Certain personality types more likely to commit crimes,
Identified two dimensions of personality, Extraversion/introversion (E/I) Neuroticism/Stability (N/S)
E/I is how much stimulation an individual needs
N/S is how much emotional stability an individual needs
E- very sociable and need a lot stimulation, get bored quickly
I- reliable, control of emotions
N- very anxious and irrational
S- calm and emotionally in control
Third dimension Psychoticism (P) cold, uncaring and aggressive
How Twin Studies explain criminality?
- heritable trait may increase risk for criminal behaviour
- monozygotic twins are 100% identical which means they are more likely to both commit crimes
- dizygotic twins are 50% (not identical) which means they have a lower chance of both committing crime
How Adoption Studies explain criminality?
- Nature/Nurture argument
- Depends on the environment of the child, although they share genes with their parents
- Hutchings and Mednick (1975) high proportion of bogs with criminal convictions had biological parents with criminal convictions too, suggesting link between aggression and genetics
What are the strengths of Right Realism?
- aided in shaping govs research into crime, stimulated range of victim surveys
- offers more practical approach on committing crime compared to theory based marxism
What are weaknesses of right realism?
- ignores wider structural causes of crime such as poverty
- easily accepts criminal statistics, fails to look into white collar crime and focuses on street crime and youth
What are the strengths of left realism?
- recognised multiple cases of crimes
- neither glorifies nor attacks police perfect balance
What are the weaknesses of left realism?
- does not explain why everyone in relative deprivation fail to turn to crime
- fails to explain white collar crime or corporate crime
Case study of Geographical Profiling
- police used geographical Profiling to look into who was the railway rapist which they found out was Duffy through profiling
