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Social Studies 8 > Progressive Era > Flashcards

Progressive Era Flashcards

1
Q

What issue did Upton Sinclair expose? How did he expose this?

A

Expose the processing industry

Wrote The Jungle which included sections regarding his undercover investigation in the meatpacking industry

Some sausages were processed in the same machines as dead rats. Deeply described how the cattle that is butchered is old and weak and often steerly (covered in red bumps/boils). The meat was then stored in cellars for years and fattened in cruel methods

The Durham Ketchups were using totally different meats than they advertised as being flavored

Other Durham meats labeled “devilled” or “potted” included random separate meats and chemicals.

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2
Q

Reforms inspired by Upton Sinclair’s work

A

The Jungle was an instant bestseller and was popular among progressives

Many sent letters to Pres. Theodore Roosevelt demanding reform. The White House sent a special correspondent to investigate and confirmed the horrors. Roosevelt demanded Congress to reform the meatpacking business and soon passed the Meat Inspection Act- every processing place would be inspected by officials

Congress also established the Pure Food & Drug Act- every processed food must be correctly labeled and not mislead customers

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3
Q

What issue did Jacob Riis expose? How did he expose this?

A

Published How the Other Half Lives which informs the public about the struggles of immigrants.

He exposes the crowded living tenementsShared the desperation of the poor in cities

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4
Q

Reforms inspired by Jacob Riis’s work

A

Showed public health officials some of the city tenements leading to the destruction of several tenements

Riis then served as secretary of the Advisory Committee and convinced city officials to replace a tenement with a park

Collected funds to restore Sea Breeze Hospital

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5
Q

What issue did Nelly Bly expose? How did she expose this?

A

Published “Ten Days in Madhouse”

Spent 10 days in an insane asylum to investigate and report the cruel conditions

Chronicled the rotten and disgusting food-the exposing and freezing baths- the unnecessarily painful combing- the extremely rude and violent to the point of deadly behavior of the nurses and staff

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6
Q

Reforms inspired by Nelly Bly’s work

A

Encouraged launching of several investigations

The investigations lead to raised funds for care in asylums by $850,000

Strict guidelines for hospital admission, more regulation for asylums.

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7
Q

What issue did Ida Tarbell expose? How did she expose this?

A

Wrote The History of Standard Oil which attacked John Rockefeller and his trust

Tarbell claimed that Rockefeller’s trust/monopoly used underhanded methods to put competitors out of business

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8
Q

Reforms inspired by Ida Tarbell’s work

A

The Standard Oil trust was broken up by the government using the Sherman Antitrust ActThis was one of the first trusts/monopolies to be broken up

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9
Q

What issue did Ida Wells expose? How did she expose this?

A

Published pamphlets and newspapers articles exposing lynching of African Americans in the South

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10
Q

Reforms inspired by Ida Well’s work

A

No specific reforms passed but she was relentless in her pursuit to bring awareness to the issue even at great expense to herself

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11
Q

What caused the massive spike in new roles for women?

A

women had fewer children

new technologies reduced some of the housework they were responsible for products that used to be homemade could now be bought cheaply in stores

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12
Q

What were the effects of women looking for jobs outside the home?

A

women took jobs as telephone operators, store clerks, typists, teachers and nurses

women were expected to quit their jobs when they got married, thus ending their careers

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13
Q

Carry A. Nation

A

a progressive leader whose family experience with alcoholism led to her using dramatic methods to get alcohol banned (smashing bottles with a hatchet)

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14
Q

Women’s Christian Temperance Union

A

fought for the ban on alcohol

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15
Q

Women often suffered the worst effect of alcohol:

A

drunk; domestic violence, financial hardship, crime, no time with family

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16
Q

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

A

first President of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

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17
Q

Susan B. Anthony

A

NAWSA president; fought to get women’s suffrage one state at a time

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18
Q

Carrie Chapman Catt

A

NAWSA president; helped get President Wilson’s support during World War I

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19
Q

How did World War I help get women the right to vote?

A

Carrie Chapman Catt supported President Woodrow Wilson and promised female support for the war effort at home during World War I. Many women took the jobs of men drafted into the military and helped keep the economy going. In return, Wilson urged Congress to grant women suffrage.

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20
Q

William Howard Taft

A

Taft was picked by Roosevelt to succeed him and carry on his Progressive reforms

He filed twice as many antitrust suits as TR

Sixteenth Amendment: established the first graduated income tax

Seventeenth Amendment: allowed voters to elect their two senators

Republican

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21
Q

Woodrow Wilson

A

Clayton Antitrust Act: banned some business practices that limited competition; gave the govt. more power to fight trusts; legalized strikes

Federal Reserve Act: increased the flexibility of currency by controlling the money supply and interest rates

Wilson was from the South, believed in segregation, and supported it in the government

Democrat

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22
Q

What was a major reason why Wilson one the election?

A

TR formed his own party (Bull Moose Party), making republicans voters spilt. This gave Wilson the election.

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23
Q

16th Amendment

A

graduated income tax (the more you make, the more you pay)

One six – makes me sick

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24
Q

17th Amendment

A

voters elect their state’s 2 senators instead of politicians picking them

one seven – Senator Kevin

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25
Q

18th Amendment

A

banned alcohol from 1919-1933

One eight – stay straight

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26
Q

19th Amendment

A

gave women the right vote

One nine – she’s fine

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27
Q

21st Amendment

A

repealed (canceled) the 18th Amendment

two one – let’s have fun

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28
Q

Theodore Roosevelt

A

Republican president during the Progressive Era. Roosevelt pursued various reforms successfully unlike most of his predecessors.

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29
Q

Square Deal

A

meant fairness for all Americans as a square’s sides are all equal. He wanted businesses, consumers, and workers to be treated fairly and have equal access to success to opportunity under his presidency. He did not want to favor anyone.

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30
Q

During TR’s presidency he was known for:

A

Trustbuster

Helping workers

Conservationist

Cleaned up the food industry

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31
Q

Sherman Antitrust Act:

A

a law that prevented the formation of monopolies and trusts. This law was not enforced for over a decade until Theodore Roosevelt became president (nicknamed a trustbuster for breaking up 44 trusts).

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32
Q

How did TR help workers?

A

During a coal miner strike in Pennsylvania, he threatened to send in troops to run the mines. This forced the mine owners to negotiate with the workers which set a precedent that he would protect worker rights.

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33
Q

How was TR a conservationist?

A

He set aside millions of acres of land to be protected from development or exploitation; he created the US Forest Service to help promote conservation, controlling how America’s natural resources were used.

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34
Q

How did TR clean up the food industry?

A

Passed the Pure Food & Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act in response to Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle.

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35
Q

3 Goals of Progressive Reform

A

Social Welfare

Economic Reform

Expansion of Democracy

36
Q

Social Welfare

A

reforms aimed at the welfare of the people (living, working conditions, minimum wage laws, prohibition of alcohol etc. )

37
Q

Economic Reform

A

fixing corrupt businesses/trusts, worker pay

38
Q

trust

A

legal body created to hold stock in many companies in the same industry. Essentially, a trust was many companies working together to form a monopoly

39
Q

Expansion of Democracy

A

give more direct voice to the people rather than corrupt politicians

40
Q

Problems before the reform

A

Election Fraud

Tainted Food & Medicine

Spoils System or Patronage

Voters Don’t Select Candidates

Unfair Taxation System

Indirect Election of Senators

Elected officials unresponsive to public opinion

No limiting the Power of Big Business & Trusts

41
Q

Election Fraud

A

Political leaders often lined up voters who were willing to be bought and gave them ballots on easily identifiable colored paper. Counterfeiting ballots, stuffing ballot boxes, and other illegal practices were widespread which meant that many officials in office were not selected by the voters. In addition, people did not have an avenue to remove elected officials if they were unhappy or dissatisfied with their performance.

42
Q

Tainted Food & Medicine

A

Terrible Conditions existed in the food processing industry. Upton Sinclair, a muckraker, told how packing houses often kept meat on dirty floors and other horrific conditions.

43
Q

Spoils System or Patronage

A

System of rewarding friends & supporters with jobs from a political official

44
Q

Why was the spoils system a problem?

A

This resulted in many people who had jobs that were unqualified for the government jobs they held.

45
Q

Voters Don’t Select Candidates

A

Candidates running for office were usually chosen by a small group of party leaders. Voters had no say in who the candidates would be.

46
Q

Unfair Taxation System

A

Taxes were usually based on the amount of property a person owned. But many wealthy people hid some of their property from the government. Consequently, they did not pay their fair share of the taxes being collected.

47
Q

Indirect Election of Senators

A

Two Senators that each state sent to Congress were chosen by the members of the various state legislatures and not the voters.

48
Q

Elected officials unresponsive to public opinion

A

Elected officials sometimes disregarded the needs and desires of the people. While citizens could petition the government, they could not propose a law unless it was sponsored by a lawmaker. There was also increasing concern about corruption among legislators and citizens wanted to pass some laws through direct votes.

49
Q

Limiting the Power of Big Business & Trusts

A

Progressive reformers wanted to limit the power of big business and regulate its activities. By the late 1800s, business leaders in some major industries had formed trusts. The businesses in a trust worked together to cut prices and squeeze out competitors. Then the trust would raise prices and make large profits similar to a monopoly.

50
Q

Industrialization took a toll on the environment, especially all of the pollution from the factories.

Solution?

A

conservation

51
Q

conservation

A

Roosevelt was a strong crusader for conservation or controlling how America’s natural resources were used. Roosevelt preserved 194 million acres of public lands, including the Grand Canyon and California’s Muir Woods. He also created the U.S. Forest Service.

52
Q

Election Fraud

Solution?

A

recall election: special election held where voters can vote to recall or remove a politician from office

Example: Governor Newsom of California was subject to a recall election. He defeated the recall and was allowed to remain in office for the remainder of his term.

53
Q

recall election

A

special election held where voters can vote to recall or remove a politician from office

54
Q

Tainted Food & Medicine

Solution?

A

Pure Food & Drug Act

Meat Inspection Act

55
Q

Pure Food & Drug Act

A

Pure Food and Drug Act which banned the sale of impure foods/medicines and required accurate labeling.

56
Q

Meat Inspection Act

A

requires inspection of meat

57
Q

Spoils System or Patronage

Solution?

A

Pendleton Act/ Civil Service Commission

58
Q

Why is Pendleton Act/ Civil Service Commission a better system?

A

Made it fair for all and since it is based on merit, the most qualified is hired for the job

59
Q

Pendleton Act/ Civil Service Commission

A

The Civil Service Commission gives a civil service exam so that government jobs are given out to the best candidates, not friends or supporters. The system is based on merit.

60
Q

Voters Don’t Select Candidates

Solution?

A

Direct Primary

61
Q

Direct Primary

A

voters select the candidates who will appear on the ballot in the primary election. This is the election before the real election.

62
Q

Unfair Taxation System

Solution?

A

Sixteenth Amendment

63
Q

Indirect Election of Senators

Solution?

A

17th Amendment

64
Q

Elected officials unresponsive to public opinion

Solution?

A

Initiative - citizens can propose or initiate a law

Referendum- citizens vote on proposed laws

65
Q

Initiative

A

citizens can propose or initiate a law

66
Q

Referendum

A

citizens vote on proposed laws

67
Q

Big Business & Trusts

Solution?

A

Sherman Antitrust Act

68
Q

Why was The Square Deal called that?

A

Roosevelt’s Square Deal meant fairness for all Americans as a square’s sides are all equal. He wanted businesses, consumers, and workers to all be treated fairly and have equal access to success to opportunity under his presidency. He did not want to favor anyone.

69
Q

Roosevelt’s legacy regarding the civil rights

A

Roosevelt’s legacy regarding the civil rights of African Americans is mixed. TR promoted civil rights, denounced lynchings, appointed African Americans to jobs in the South, and invited Booker T. Washington to the White House, but eventually backed off after losing political support in the South.

70
Q

How do the reforms enacted by Theodore Roosevelt affect our lives today?

A

Roosevelt’s reforms continue to affect life today in many ways. TR’s investigation of the meatpacking industry and laws that he signed continue to protect food and make sure that it is properly labeled. Americans are able to enjoy millions of acres of untouched land, forests and national parks thanks to his conservation efforts. The competition that exists among businesses was instigated by TR. Many small business owners owe their existence to the antitrust laws enforced by TR.

71
Q

How did Booker T. Washington differ from WEB DuBois?

A

Both Washington and Du Bois were aware that the need for African Americans to become technologically literate was crucial. However, Washington favored vocal protest and higher education, while Du Bois preferred a gradual approach of occupational education and economic advancement.

72
Q

Jim Crow Laws

A

enacted in Southern states designed to separate white and black people

73
Q

segregation

A

the separation of races

74
Q

Plessy v. Ferguson

A

1896 Supreme Courtcase that upheld the legality of segregation

75
Q

Booker T. Washington

A

African-American leader who did not believe in challenging segregation

76
Q

W. E. B. Du Bois

A

African-American leader who fought against segregation and for equal rights

helped found the NAACP

77
Q

NAACP

A

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

78
Q

lynch

A

to kill by hanging without due process of the law

79
Q

Whites weakened African-American political power by restricting their __________

A

voting rights

80
Q

Southern states passed laws that set up _____________

A

literacy tests and poll taxes

81
Q

literacy tests and poll taxes- How did they do what they were meant to do?

A

prevented African Americans from voting. White officials made sure that blacks failed literacy tests by giving unfair exams. For example, white officials sometimes gave blacks tests written in Latin. Poll taxes kept many blacks from voting because theydidn’t have enough money to pay the tax.

82
Q

*Such voting laws threatened to prevent poor and uneducated whites from voting too.

How did Southerners “fix” this?

A

To keep them from losing the vote, several Southern states added grand-father clauses to their constitutions.

83
Q

Grandfather clauses

A

stated that a man could vote if he or an ancestor, such as a grandfather, had been eligible to vote before 1867. Before that date, most African Americans, free or enslaved, did not have the right to vote. Whites could use the grandfather clause to protect their voting rights. Blacks could not.

84
Q

Clayton Antitrust Act

A

banned some business practices that limited competition; gave the govt. more power to fight trusts; legalized strikes

85
Q

Federal Reserve Act

A

increased the flexibility of currency by controlling the money supply and interest rates

Social Studies 8 (7 decks)

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