Progressivism and Imperialism, the USA 1890-1912 Flashcards

Question

what were the effects of industrial growth on america 1890-1912?

Answer 1

Industry continued to expand (especially oil and steel). Iron production rose from 920,000 tonnes 1860 to 10.3 million tonnes 1900. Pittsburg centre of iron industry - 38 steel plants along 42km of river. Modern oil production began in 1901 with Lucas Well. 70,000 to 110,000 barrels produced per day. ‘Gushes’ were discovered in the southwest. By 1907 Oklahama was the leading producer (25%). Trusts and monopolies grew. By 1904 the largest 4% of companies produced 57% od all industry. 1898-1902 319 major consolidations were made (Dupont 85% electricity). Carnegie sold to Morgan and became a billion dollar company.

Answer 2

Sparked a stock market crash that turned into a depression. Panic began after the Reading Railroad declared bankruptcy. Industrial ‘Black Friday’ followed. 24 businesses failed per day in May. 4 year depression - 15000 companies, 600 banks closed and national unemployment 20%. Soup kitchens were opened. Effects lasted till 1897. Cleveland was the last president supporting laissez faire attitude - believing it was a natural cycle. He supported the gold standard and opposed many by calling for repeal of the Silver Purchase Act (enough persuaded 1893 and it passed, helping boost confidence and stem unemployment. Alienated many from the economy/political process. Led to a rise in Progressivism. One response was an upsurge in business consolidation. Poorer people believed they had been ignored and were left to the mercy of trusts.

Answer 3

Farmers in the south and west did not share industrial prosperity and objected to the power of bankers and corporations. Saw themselves as independent and self-sufficient but many relied on loans. Falling prices, higher prices charged for storage and transportation meant less income. Many blamed railroads and bankers. Joined into Farmers’ Alliances, creating unity for themselves through cooperation and self-respect. Led to Populist Party and Democratic support in the 1896 election.

Answer 4

Labour unions representing different crafts were set up. In 1885 AFL was created to represent these unions speaking on behalf of all members. Tried for better conditions and paid with striking. 1886 1400 strikes including 500,000 members. Employers were generally hostile and would sack strikers. Blackleg labour (strike-breakers) were used.

Answer 5

Carnegie's Homestead Steelworks plant the manager Frick cut wages in 1892 and refused union negotiations. The Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers went on strike. Private detectives were used to smuggle in strike-breakers who were attacked by strikers. The militia was called in with rifles. After 5 months the strikers were starving and the union collapsed - major setback.

Answer 6

first national strike. Paralysed railway system. Cut wages but refused to lower rent for employee houses. American Railway Union (ARU) run by Debs refused to handle any trains carrying Pullman cars. Owners asked Cleveland for support and troops were sent in. rioting followed and 4 were killed. Failed - rents remained. Government hostile to unions. The Omnibus Indictment Act, used against the ARU, permitted the banning of strikes till the 1930s.

Answer 7

1860 to 1900 14 million immigrants arrived in the US. There was an all time high between 1901-10. NY had more Italians than Naples and twice as many Irish as Dublin. 1914 Jewish populations reached 1.4 million in a city of 4.7 million. Immigrants entered NY and headed for cities where they were given cheap labour needed for industrial growth or went west to become farmers. Chinese and Japanese arrived at San Francisco and by 1890 1/10 were Chinese. Immigrants were also consumers - a major reason for increased industrialisation in the US. Agencies matched immigrants to jobs so fast many had work within an hour of arrival. Most assimilated well and formed an unskilled workforce. Migrants were grateful for jobs, opportunities and a roof. 1900 over 2/3rds of arrivals had existed at below subsistence level in the last 20 years. Some were shocked - expected to find streets paved with gold. Hard to settle - especially for those moving from a peasant outdoor life to a disciplined, machine life. Low wages meant wives and children had to work - child labour became a significant issue.

Answer 8

Many were welcomed by employers as cheap and willing labour. They were an easy target for Americans who were fearful and resentful about the rapid changes caused by industrialisation. They were often used as strike-breakers, they contributed to overcrowding and increased racial and ethnic conflict - it was easy to see these and un-American. Some argued immigrants from southern and eastern Europe did not assimilate into US culture as easily as from northern areas and brought dangerous political ideas (socialism and anarchism). 1877 American Protective Association was set up to try and put pressure on the government to limit immigration. WASP traditions were being ‘undermined’. Anti-immigration forces had limited success before WWI although the Chinese Exclusion Act and Japanese immigration (1908) were implemented.

Answer 9

The majority of AA lived in poverty. 1887 Florida Railroads introduced segregated carriages and 7 more companies followed. This covered more public places. Plessy vs Ferguson 1896 - Plessy challenged Louisiana state law which required segregated carriages. He refused to leave the ‘white’ carriage and was arrested. He said his rights under the 14th amendment were being violated. It was taken to the supreme court. ⅞ judged ruled it was legal as long as it was ‘separate but equal’. Disaster - equal could be interpretated. 1899 Cumming vs Board of Education - extended separate but equal to shcools allowing for under-funded and poor quality AA schools.

Answer 10

Many southern states did not want AA to exercise their right to vote. Georgia introduced a poll tax of $2 and many AA were too poor to pay this. 1898 ‘grandfather clause’ in Louisiana. Could only vote if their fathers/grandfathers had voted before Jan 1867 (when AA gained the right to vote). Some states required people to own a home/pass a literacy test. By 1910 few AAs could vote so few became policial leaders at any level. Many accepted the situation. 1880-1910 saw the height of the lynching campaign against them with 100 per year.

Answer 11

Born a slave in Virginia. He attended college after emancipation and became a teacher. 1881 set up Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. Model for education linked to vocational training for AAs. he believed to gain progress they had to be educated. Said change would be slow. Set up National Urban League to help black workers adjust to industrual, urban life. He thought hard work and financial success would weaken discrimination. Geogria speech 1895 he argued if AAs could be seen as economic partners rather than a threat to control problems would be resolved. Critics attacked this attempt at accomodation but established him as leader of AA in the south. Critics say his acceptance of white supremacy did little to challenge the civil rights problem. He underestimated the need for the vote and overestimated the benefits of working within the system. Provided a role model for AA as he progressed from slave to principal and had strict self-discipline. He developed valuable contracts for AA. Roosevelt often consulted him & invited him to the White House.

Answer 12

Lecturer in philosophy. First he supported Washington but then in 1900 he wanted more active resistance. Wanted the use of legal and political processes. Niagara Movement 1905- emphasised on action for rights. Never became a mass movement (too academic and lacked money and organisation). Provided impetus to AA who wanted change. Helped set ip the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People) to investigate and help prosecute cases.

Answer 13

Still second class citizens. Any previous political roles dissappeared. None in Congress or at state level. The rate to vote had been removed by state laws. It became very difficult to challenge racism. Segregation laws formalised and AAs were faced with inferior facilities. Formal education chances did increase and AAs were free to leave the south and move north. Civil rights movement began to be developed (especially with the NAACP).

Answer 14

It has been argued that the USA never sought an empire and that it came from a more political stance The decision to annex the Philippines was due to the deciding vote of Vice-President Garrett Augustus Hobart A historian, Harold Evans, argues that the empire was not needed because the USA was carrying out a huge amount of trade with Britain

Answer 15

Walter McDougall in ‘The American Encounter With the World Since 1776 (1997) suggests it was motivated by a desire to improve the lives of non-Americans E.g. removal of yellow fever from Cuba and building of new infrastructure. The export of American values to less developed countries was a major factor. Others suggest expansion occurred because it wanted to dominate the world by creating countries in its own image - believing that other countries would benefit from the pursuit of Americans to civilise the world. Link to missionary work done by Americans Impetus to do this work was linked to the idea that WASPS were superior who had a duty to help members of ‘lesser races’ improve their lives by following their example. Missionaries were often followed by colonists, as was the case in the Philippines and Hawaii

Answer 16

Primary motive according to William A. Williams in ‘The Tragedy of American Diplomacy’ written in the 1950s The US believed that this need for markets could be met by the ‘Open Door’ policy rather than actual territorial expansion Niall Ferguson in ‘American Colossus’ published in 2003 stressed the economic motive especially after the 1893 Depression stimulating a desire for new markets The US faces surpluses in farm produce and needed markets to absorb these

Answer 17

Some historians argue westward expansion was a form of imperialism When the western frontier closed, America turned its attention to foreign countries First expressed in the Turner Essay

Answer 18

Term first used by historian William Langer The idea that countries take colonies to prevent others from doing so USA wanted to copy countries like Britain, France and Germany

Answer 19

An example of preclusive imperialism Interest began in 1872 when the King of Samoa offered the US a naval base of Pago Pago on the eastern island of Tutuila. This was refused but the US was increasingly aware of German and British interests in the area with the German Trading and Plantation Company turning Samoa into he most important trading post in the Pacific There was a civil war in 1898 and the Americans and British supported the opposing side to the Germans 1899 Samoan monarchy abolished and signed the Tripartite Convention in which Britain relinquished all rights to the island in return for being given other Pacific Island chains foray belonging to Germany. The US established a protectorate in the east and west became a German colony

Answer 20

JUly 1989 the USA annexed (took over) Hawaii Hawaii was important as a stopping station on the way to Japan and China and the US missionaries had also settled there Since 1975, the US had imported Hawaian sugar duty free and Hawaii became increasingly dependent on the US economy BY 1890s, there were 3,000 American sugar growers out of the 90,000 Hawaiians living on the island In 1887, the USA established its first major Pacific naval base and Pearl Harbour In 1890, McKinley tariff removed duties on raw sugar so the Hawaiian growers lost their trading advantage and began to suffer and a result of competition from other sugar interests, especially in Cuba In 1891, the Hawaiian king died and the new queen led a rebellion and the American residents called for help from the USA. The marines arrives ad within three days the rebels surrendered This is when the USA planned to annex Hawaii because of the importance of the location but was feared by those who thought America would become an imperial power Worry that the European situation would be repeated The war with Spain and Cuba however, strengthened the arguments for annexation

Answer 21

As part of the Treaty of Paris 1898 (which ended the Spanish-American War) the US was allowed to purchase the Philippine Islands from Spain for $20 million This was for 3 reasons: They believed the US could ‘civilise’ the land through christianity and democracy The fear that the Phillipines might be taken over by Britain, Germany or Japan The islands wanted independence but seemed ‘incapable’ of ruling themselves Opposition: Resistance from Filipinos who wanted independence USA had to fight a four-year war of subjugation, costing around $600 million and by 1904, 126,000 troops were stationed in the Philippines

Answer 22

1895 Britain and Venezuela were in dispute over its border with the British colony of Guiana. Cleveland demanded that the British agree to send the dispute to arbitration (a demand that was rejected by Salisbury - British PM). eventually backed down when the US threatened to send 54 vessels to the area. Arbitration eventually decided in favour of Venezuela.

Answer 23

Originally a Spanish colony that had been given a degree of independence before the outbreak of the Spanish-American war in 1898. Invaded in 1898 by American troops and after little fighting the Spanish surrendered. Under the Organic Act of 1900, it was to be administered by the US.

Answer 24

Yellow Press - Short The term used to describe the sensationalist journalism of the 1890s Journalists such as William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer competed with each other to print stories about apparent Spanish atrocities in Cuba including the ill-treatment of female prisoners It became known as the yellow press after a cartoon character called the Yellow Kid, from Pulitzer’s New York World. Following these stories there was an aggressive and patriotic press campaign that inflamed public opinion De Lome Letter - Short A private letter from the Spanish minister in Washington DC was stolen and published It accused McKinley of being a ‘weak bidder for the admiration of the crowd’ Both McKinley and the general public were highly insulted President McKinley - Short Had a strong interest in protecting cuban sugar More recent historians believe that McKinley was more open to war than originally thought Pressure from other political figures that forced him to take action

Answer 25

Cuban Rebellion 1895-98 - Long Declining economy and want for freedom caused resistance and fighting against Spain Monroe Doctrine - Long Intervention was inevitable given the misrule of the Spanish, the geographical closeness of Cuba and the Monroe Doctrine. The USA had to intervene to restore order There were fears that the US would not be able to control an independent Cuba which, in turn, would threaten American interests on the island Economic Interest - Long Protect US business interests in Cuba To offer a distraction from the Depression of 1890’s Deteriorating Relations with Spain - Long The ‘Maine’ incident The US press accused the Spanish of sabotage after the American battleship ‘Maine’ exploded while in Havana Harbour 266 crew dies The spanish investigated the incident and the conclusion was that there was a fault on the ship causing the explosion The American investigated the incident and came to the conclusion that it was caused by a mine This incident encouraged Roosevelt to order a blockade of Cuba It is later found that this was caused by a design problem on the ship - a coal bunker fire close to where shells were stored

Answer 26

The US did not include or consider the Cubans in the final peace statement with Spain (The Treaty of Paris) signed August 1898. It stated that: Cuban independence was recognised but the US was allowed possession of Guantanamo Bay. Spain lost the last parts of its American empire by ceding Puerto Rico in the Caribbean to the US. The US was able to purchase the Philippines for $20 million. Spain also ceded the Pacific island of Guam to the US.

Answer 27

‘Treaty of Paris’ in August 1898. The treaty stated: Cuban independence recognised but the US was allowed possession of Guantanamo Bay Spain lost the last part of its American colonies by ceding Puerto Rico to the US The US purchased the Philippines for $20 million Spain also ceded Guam to the US

Answer 28

There were several options for what to do with Cuba. It could be; given its independence, be made a colony or be made a protectorate Teller Amendment 1898: Stated the US would not annex Cuba and it would be given its independence However, over the course of the war, opinion in the US shifted to believing that Cuba was not capable of governing themselves. Moreover, independence may threaten American commercial interests on the island. Platt Amendment 1901: Gave the US control of Cuban foreign, financial and commercial affairs Limited Cuban sovereignty Gave the US the right to intervene in Cuban affairs Gave the US certain naval bases in Cuba Cuban-american Treaty 1903: Imposed a new political system on Cuba Made its economy heavily dependent on the US (e.g Cuban sugar and tobacco were tied to the US markets by preferential tariffs, while US goods entered Cuba at reductions varying from 25 to 40%) American businesses started to move to Cuba on a large scale US forces: Occupied the island after the war 1898-1902 However, unrest during the presidential elections of 1905 meant troops returned 1906-1909 The US then invaded again in 1912 with marines to help the Cuban Government put down a revolt of former slaves

Answer 29

The USA had long supported the building of a canal to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The Journey round the tip of SA was long and often dangerous by sea. As early as the 1860s, US secretary of State William Seward had tried to begin negotiations with the government of Colombia, which at the time had controlled Panama, for a canal, but he was stopped by the senate In 1881, a French company, under the French engineer Ferdinand de Lesseps who had built the Suez Canal, began to build a canal in Panama but ran into financial difficulties An American Company, the New Panama Canal Company, encouraged by President Roosevelt, took over the rights to buy the canal Columia demanded $15m from the government of the USA and $10m from the New Panama Canal Company to build the canal across Panama - Roosevelt refused pay In 1903 the Panamanias staged a national revolt for independence from the rule of Colombia and were supported by the USA who sent a battleship and a regiment to support the rebellion Panama achieved independence and accepted a US offer of $10m for a strip of land 16km wide through which the canal would be built The canal was completed in 1914 with the passage of the SS Ancon through it - within a year over 1000 ships were annually using it

Answer 30

The US, unlike other powers, had no desire to expand territorially into China. The secretary of state, John Hay, realised many Americans would oppose any acquisition of territory and in 1899 introduced the Open Door Policy with the first Open Door note asking states to respect each other’s trading rights in China, even in each other’s spheres of interest 1900 Boxer Rebellion uprising directed mostly against foreigners occurred in China. The US sent a small number of troops to assist other countries in the rescue of foreign embassies in Peking At the same time Hay announced an extension of the Open Door policy with a second note, asserting the principle of equal and impartial change in all parts of China, not just in the existing foreign spheres of interest. It also said that in the future the US government would protect the lives and property of US citizens living in China

Answer 31

Of importance to the USA because of its proximity as well as the possible Atlantic/Pacific canal site and a high level of economic investment in the country These interests were threatened by Nicaragua’s anti-American president, Joe Santos Zelaya, who, in 1909, cancelled the economic privileges to install a pro-American president, Adolfo Diaz, and his Secretary of State, Philander C. Knox, extended American influence in Nicaragua by providing huge loans and, in return, the USA controlled the Nicaraguan National Bank Within 3 years, the USA once again had to send in 3,000 troops when the position of Diaz was threatened by revolution The USA now set up a protectorate and occupied the country for a further 10 years.

Answer 32

Relations with Japan were tense - there had been substantial Japanese immigration to Hawaii and the US but legislation in 1900 had put a stop to this. These laws were openly racist and upset the Japanese along with the annexation of the Philippines The US felt threatened by the growth of a large Japanese navy and its ambitions in China. This increased when Japan defeated Russia in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05. Roosevelt helped to negotiate the Treaty of New Hampshire to end the war. The Japanese blamed Roosevelt for the decision to not force Russia to pay a war indemnity Roosevelt was concerned about Japanese imperialism and was keen to develop better relations. 1908 - Root-Takahira Agreement signed - they agreed to respect each other’s interests in China dn maintain the current situation in the Pacific. The Open Door policy was confirmed for the US who in turn and without consulting the Koreans, agreed to the Japanese ‘right’ to annex Korea

Answer 33

US using its ‘police power’ in Central America 1903 the Republic defaulted on the repayment of American loans worth $40 million. Roosevelt was reluctant to invade and instead in 1904 took control of the customs revenue of the Dominican Republic, using this to pay off the debt. This was described by the President as his ‘big stick’ policy.

Answer 34

threat of military force. Idea that you negotiate by having a navy, idea that diplomacy only works when you have military to back it up

Answer 35

America will use money to make change (ie change in leadership), using money to influence events

Answer 36

Intervention on moral grounds (i.e progressive imperialism, Roosevelt corollary)

Answer 37

Wilson was supported by the Democratic party, bipartisan support of progressives and the Houses of Representatives and Senate under Democratic control. 'the new freedom'

Answer 38

Federal Reserve Act - maintains balance between the interests of big business and the needs of the wider community . - The act created the central banking system in the USA 12 banking districts were created, each under the supervision of a Federal Reserve Board. - All national banks and any state banks that wanted to participate in this system had to invest 6% of their capital and surplus into the reserve bank. - Federal Reserve Banks could lend money to banks at rediscounted rates. This means - money is no longer dependent on the amount of gold. - The Federal Reserve Bank in Washington D.C. was the centre of the system and appointed the majority of directors of the other Federal Reserve Banks. - By 1923, 70% of the national banking resources were part of the federal reserve system - this system still serves as the basis of the nation’s banking system.

Answer 39

In times of inflation the banks could increase the rediscount rates, discouraging borrowing and therefore reducing the money in circulation In times of deflation banks could lower the rediscount rate and therefore encourage borrowing and there would be more money in circulation - Prevent an uprise of severe Panic (3 in the last decade)

Answer 40

- 30% not included in national banking - If you are in favour of state rights, this might not be something you would stand for - one bank in power

Answer 41

- Wilson appointed the first secretary of the Department of Labour, William Wilson who was a miner and union leader who helped resolve disputes between capital and labour. - Reorganised the Department of Agriculture to assist everyone involved in farming, for better credit and distribution networks. - Federal Loan Act 1916 provided low-cost loans. - October 1913 the Underwood Tariff reduced many duties and freed certain items from them including food, wool, iron, machinery etc that could all be produced more cheaply in the US and so did not need protection. Loss of revenue was compensated by the 1913 federal income tax (the Sixteenth Amendment). - Initially income tax only had to be paid by those with an income over $4000 (4x industrial wage). - Revenue Act 1916 continued the plan of taxing the rich and redistributing wealth, including taxing business profits and estates as well.

Answer 42

Few Congressmen saw the potential at first, but by 1917, the government received much more than they ever did on tariffs. Today, income tax represents their main source of revenue. Income tax in general was a success Helps increase prohibition

Answer 43

Some saw income tax as an attack on big business and an aim to smaller businessmen and farmers.

Answer 44

- Federal Child Labour Act of 1916. Banned child labour and barred goods made by child labour from interstate commerce. 2 years later it was ruled unconstitutional. - Workmen’s Compensation Act 1916. Ensured federal employees who were absent from work because of illness or injury received financial support. - Adamson Act. 8 hour working day for railroad workers. - 1913 Coal mine strike in Ludlow, Colorado. The Colorado National Guard called in and killed 26. Wilson sent federal troops to break up the strike.

Answer 45

Federal Child Labour Act was ruled unconstitutional Wilson opposed strikers Adamson Act only applied to railway workers

Answer 46

- Initially won support of the NAACP in 1912 election by promising equality and to speak out against lynching - Disappointed during his presidency - Placed segregationists in charge of federal agencies - Opposed federal anti-lynching legislation - Appointed white southerners to his cabinet - Supported segregated facilities

Answer 47

Went back on all race based election promises Did not stand against lynching - enabled other white supremacy.

Answer 48

- Federal trade commission - formed to investigate corporations and stop unfair practices. Regulatory body for business that covered dubious acts. Under Wilson the FTC administered 400 cease-and desist orders to companies engaged in illegal activity. It is still in effect today and it also prosecutes dishonest stock traders and regulates internet sales. - Clayton Anti-Trust Act - gave more powers to those enforcing the Sherman Anti-Trust Act and made certain business pracices illegal (price discrimination to foster monopoloes, ‘tying arrangements’ forbidding retailers from handling rivals products and creation of inrtlocking directorates to control companies that appeared competition). Gompers, president of the AFL saw value to workers in the Act and called it the Magna Carta for labour.

Answer 49

Did establish the principle of federal regulation. Prevented illegal and unfair business acts and have more power to government.

Answer 50

The value of ‘unfair’ was not defined. Many felt the federal trade commission was not strong enough.

Answer 51

wealthiest country 1900 producing more iron and steel than Britain, germany and russia combined

Answer 52

capital investment from $1 bn 1860 to $10 bn 1900 value of US manufacturing $2 bn to $13 bn 1914 33% world's goods

Answer 53

cars 1900 for rich 1888 NY alone had more phones than UK improved connections = fresh food

Answer 54

invested in Britain Yerkes helped build Underground and introduced electric power Heinz opened factory 1905 Ford 1911 'American invasion'

Answer 55

aloof from European disputes since early 19th century citizens had ties with germany/allies trade with both

Answer 56

most supported allies and distrusted german motives. propaganda showed german attrocities

Answer 57

traded more with allies allied blockade germany 1914 $40 mn in munitions, 1916 $1.29 bn

Answer 58

all ships sank en route to britain starve britain of supplies Lusitania sank 1915 with 128 americans dead germany agreed to not attack US ships but changes policy by 1917

Answer 59

1917 british intelligence intercepted not in which germany offered to support mexico if it went to war to win back territories 1917 russia was being defeated fears allied may be defeated

Answer 60

gov grew rapidly cost $33.5 bn 2/3rds raised through loans (e.g. Liberty and Victory) federal gov raised income tax - 1918 77% compared to 7% 1913 railroads co-ordinated to move troops/supplies

Answer 61

spring 1918 congress gave Wilson draconian powers over political and economic life war industries board set up massive incentives for farmers to take more land into production - food exports tripled 1917 espionage act made it illegal to send literature deemed suspicious or opposing to war by mail - 20 years jail/fines 1918 Sedition act strengthened it - illegal to criticise gov or us

Answer 62

500,000 AAs moved north to find war work NY 92,000 to 152,000

Answer 63

no mass mobilisation limited to selling war bonds and comforts to troops 6000 in aircraft maufacture unions opposed wartime recruitment due to fears of wage reductions

Answer 64

leading creditor nation - lent billions to Allies during war 1917 owed $2.25 bn expanded industrial capacity to manufacture goods, 1918 overtaken germany as leading producer of fertilisers/chemicals US now country others were reliant on rather than britian/france investment LA increased

Answer 65

1920 census - more than 50% Americans living in urban areas but 16/54 mn lived in communities of less than 25,000 inhabitants many held 'traditional values' more diverse more immigration and new urban areas development of new cultures ethnic divisions - AA movement into cities caused tension (riots East St Louis 1917 39 dead)

Answer 66

tense distrust in the expansion of government many republicans wanted to reverse these Harding - 'return to normalcy' clear win

Answer 67

Wilson heavily involved in peace process, disillusion caused return to normalcy later did not join the LofN

Answer 68

sense US bailed out Allies and won the war on behalf Americans wanted return to non-involvement in affairs - senate rejected peace treaties which it felt could lead to another war - refused to join LofN, international organisation to prevent wars

Answer 69

with its economic power and influence - impossible to adopt isolationism involved in disarmament conferences and treaties LA interventionism to protect economic interests

Progressivism and Imperialism, the USA 1890-1912 Flashcards

(93 cards)