Prokaryotic cell

Question 1

what are the 2 prokaryote types of cells

Answer 1

Bacteria and Archaea

Question 2

Nucleoid (Prokaryotic)

Answer 2

Contains cells DNA in single circular chromosone

Question 3

Plasmid (Prokaryotic)

Answer 3

Small, circular DNA molecules separate from the chromosomal
DNA, often genes that provide antibiotic resistance

Question 4

Cell Wall (Prokaryotic)

Answer 4

Structural support and protection, prevents osmotic lysis (swelling and bursting of cell due to excess water intake)

Question 5

Peptidoglycan (Prokaryotic)

Answer 5

=cell wall, and is mesh like layer outside plasma membrane(=> strength and rigidity)

Question 6

Plasma membrane (Prokaryotic)

Answer 6

lipid bilayer that controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell

Question 7

Ribosomes (Prokaryotic)

Answer 7

Sites of protein synthesis, translate mRNA into polypeptides

Question 8

Pilus (Prokaryotic)

Answer 8

Hair-like structures that allow for attachment to surfaces and conjugation (transfer of DNA between bacteria(using conjugative pili))

Question 9

Flagellum (Procaryotic)

Answer 9

Provides mobility

Question 10

Capsule (Prokaryotic)

Answer 10

Most outer layer, protects the cell from desiccation and phagocytosis by host immune cell => increases virulence in pathogenic species

Question 11

Cytoplasm (Procaryotic)

Answer 11

Jelly like substance that contains everything

Question 12

2 main classes of bacteria

Answer 12

Gram + and Gram -

Question 13

Gram + details

Answer 13

• Thick Peptidoglycan Layer
• Excessive Cross-Linking
• No Outer Membrane
• Teichoic Acids in cell wall => overall charge and rigidity
• Color : purple

Question 14

Gram - details

Answer 14

• Thin Peptidoglycan Layer
• Less Cross-Linking
• Outer Membrane with lipopolysaccharides important for protection and strzuctural integrity
• Periplasmic Space (space between the outer membrane
  and the plasma membrane)
• Color : red or pink

Question 15

What does Beta-Lactams (Penicillin) do to peptidoglycan

Answer 15

Targets transpeptidase enzymes (also known as penicillin-binding proteins, PBPs), preventing cross-linking of the
peptidoglycan strands => weakens the cell wall, => cell lysis

Question 16

What does Glycopeptides (Vancomycin) do to peptidoglycan

Answer 16

Bind to the D-Ala-D-Ala terminus of the peptide chain, preventing cross-linking and incorporation of new subunits into
the peptidoglycan matrix.