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BSCI 2150 > Prokaryotic Cell Structures > Flashcards

Prokaryotic Cell Structures Flashcards

1
Q

Which is simpler: prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

Prokaryotic (proteins, nutrients, and DNA)

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2
Q

What are the main components of a Prokaryotic cell?

A

-nucleoid
-cytoplasm
-cell envelope
-surface structures

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3
Q

What do prokaryotic cells not have?

A

a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles

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4
Q

nucleoid

A

a chromatin-dense area within the cytoplasm and contains the bacterial DNA

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5
Q

cytoplasm

A

the gel-like fluid inside the cell

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6
Q

cell envelope

A

complex multi-layered structure that protects the cell contents

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7
Q

surface structures

A

functional proteins on the cell surface

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8
Q

What are the two major types of bacteria?

A
  1. gram-positive (simpler)
  2. gram-negative (more complex)
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9
Q

What do all bacterial cell envelops consist of?

A
  1. cytoplasmic membrane
  2. cell wall
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10
Q

What is the main difference in structure between gram-positive and gram-negative?

A

gram-negative has an outer membrane

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11
Q

Composition of the Bacterial Inner Membrane

A

-cytoplasmic/inner membrane surrounds the cytoplasm
-bilayer: hydrophobic fatty acid “tails” and hydrophilic glycerol + phosphate + other functional groups

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12
Q

What are the hydrophobic and hydrophilic components of a bacterial’s inner membrane connected by?

A

ester linkage

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13
Q

What is the main function of the inner membrane?

A

selective permeability

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14
Q

What kind of components might disrupt the bilayer?

A

detergents

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15
Q

How does temperature affect the inner membrane?

A

-HEAT will make the bilayer more FLUID
-COLD will make the bilayer more RIGID

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16
Q

Composition of the Bacterial Cell Envelope

A

peptidoglycan

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17
Q

Main structures of peptidoglycan

A
  1. polysaccharide backbone
  2. tetrapeptide
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18
Q

polysaccharide backbone

A

-structural component of peptidoglycan
-rigid and provides strength
-2 modified glucose molecules connected by a beta (1,4) bond

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19
Q

tetrapeptide

A

-other structural component of peptidoglycan
-short peptide attached to N-acetylmuramic acid

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20
Q

Amino acids in peptidoglycan

A

L-alanine
D-alanine
D-glutamic acid
L-lysine/diaminopimelic acid (DAP)

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21
Q

Where are peptidoglycan layers crosslinked?

A

DAP and D-alanine

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22
Q

What inhibits the peptidoglycan layer crosslink?

A

penicillin

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23
Q

Who discovered penicillin?

A

Alexander Fleming

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24
Q

How does penicillin inhibit the peptidoglycan crosslink?

A

Penicillin binds to the penicillin binding protein and prevents the protein from forming the crosslink. Thus, bacteria cannot divide or repair the cell wall.

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25
What are two possible ways that bacteria can become resistant to penicillin?
1. Disrupt the binding protein (change binding site) 2. Disrupt the penicillin
26
Who discovered lysozyme?
Alexander Fleming
27
What does lysozyme do?
-degrades cell walls -used in many bacterial DNA extraction protocols to break open the cell walls and lyse the cells
28
Which bacteria type is more vulnerable to lysozymes?
gram-positive because they do not have an outer membrane so its inner membrane is exposed to lysozymes
29
What is the target of lysozyme?
terminal esters in the polysaccharide backbone
30
Gram-negative outer membrane
extra component, contains Lipopolysaccharide
31
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
-a toxin and unique to bacteria -Lipid A involves a strong immune response
32
How does LPS induce sepsis?
Bacteria can shed LPS which can be detected by the host cell and trigger over-activation of the immune system, leading to Sepsis
33
What are the components of LPS?
1. Lipid A 2. Core polysaccharide 3. O-antigen
34
Lipid A
-component of LPS -anchors LPS in outer membrane (most toxic component)
35
Core polysaccharide
-component of LPS -function is less understood
36
O-antigen
-component of LPS -highly variable between strains; target of immune cell recognition
37
What can O-antigen be used to identify?
bacteria strains like E. coli
38
Gram-stain procedure
1. Flood heat-fixed smear w/ crystal violet for 1 minute 2. Add iodine solution for 1 minute 3. Decolorize w/ alcohol for 20 sec 4. Counterstain w/ safranin for 1-2 min
39
What does Step 1 of the gram-stain procedure do?
All cells stained purple
40
What does Step 2 of the gram-stain procedure do?
Iodine is used as a mordant and binds w/ Crystal Violet to make the stain harder to remove
41
What does Step 3 of the gram-stain procedure do?
Alcohol removes stain from gram-negative cells (gram-positive are still purple)
42
What does Step 4 of the gram-stain procedure do?
Safranin stains gram-negative bacteria
43
What are the three bacteria cell shapes?
1. Cocci (spherical) 2. Bacilli (rods) 3. Spirilla (spiral)
44
Cocci
-Streptococcus (strands/gram-positive) -Staphylococcus (grape-like clusters/gram-positive) -Neisseria (diplococci/gram-negative)
45
Bacilli
-Bacillus (gram-positive) -Listeria (gram-positive) -Escherichia (gram-negative) -Bordetella (gram-negative)
46
Spirilla
NO GRAM-POSITIVE -Treponema pallidum (gram-negative) -Helicobacter (gram-negative)
47
Define transporters
Transporters are responsible for the active import/export of resources and waste
48
What are porins?
Beta barrel proteins that permit the simple import diffusion of molecules. Can be selective based on size and charge of molecule. Primarily in gram (-) and Mycobacteria to facilitate transport across the outer membrane or mycolic acid layer.
49
Primary Active Transport
uses energy (ATP/GTP) to import or export molecules
50
What type of transporters use primary active transport?
ABC (ATP-Binding Cassette) transporters -Vitamin B-12, Iron-citrate, dipeptides, tripeptides, oligopeptides, essential metals
51
Secondary Active Transport
uses ions (H+, Na+, etc) to import or export molecules
52
What are the types of transporters used for Secondary Active Transport?
1. Antiporter 2. Symporter
53
Antiporter
substrate and ion move in different direction
54
Symporter
substrate and ion move in same direction
55
What are efflux pumps?
They export molecules, especially waste and antimicrobials out of bacterial cells -five major families
56
What are the cell surface proteins that are involved in motility or attachment?
1. Pilli and Fimbriae 2. Flagella
57
What do Pilli and Fibriate promote?
attachment
58
What does Flagella promote?
motility
59
What are Fimbriae?
A type of pillus that promotes attachments to surfaces. They can also enable attachment between cells in biofilms.
60
What are sex pilli?
A type of pillus that allows for the transfer of genetic information between bacteria
61
What are flagella?
Structures that assists in swimming in Bacteria called archaella in Archaea; tiny rotating machines that push or pull through liquid; long, thin appendages anchored in cell at one end
62
What are the different flagella arrangements?
1. Peritrichous 2. Monotrichous 3. Lophotrichous 4. Amphitrichous
63
Monotrichous flagella structure?
single flagella on one side
64
Lophotrichous flagella structure?
tuft of flagella on one end
65
Amphitrichous flagella structure?
single or tuft on both ends
66
Peritrichous flagella structure?
flagella throughout the cells
67
Peritrichous flagella movement?
Run and Tumble
68
Polar flagella movement?
Run

BSCI 2150 (11 decks)

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