Prokaryotic Diversity

Question 1

Primordial soup

Answer 1

Contains organic and inorganic compounds

Question 2

Miller -Urey experiment

Answer 2

Organic precursors can be formed spontaneously

Question 3

Whittaker (1969) - 5 kingdoms

Answer 3

Plantae 
Fungi
Animalia
Protista
Monera

Question 4

Carl Woese (1990) - 3 domains of life

Answer 4

Archaea
Bacteria
Eukaryota

Question 5

The earliest diverging genus - bacteria

Answer 5

Aquifex

Question 6

Round cells

Answer 6

Coccoid eg staphylococcus

Question 7

Elongated capsule shaped cel

Answer 7

Rods - e.g. Bacillus

Question 8

Bent lozenges -boomerang

Answer 8

Curved cells e.g. Vibrio

Question 9

Helically coiled

Answer 9

Eg Spirochaetes

Question 10

Stalked or budding forms

Answer 10

Eg caulobacter

Question 11

Elongate cells or groups of cells

Answer 11

Filamentous eg streptomyces

Question 12

Selective forces of morphology - bacteria

Answer 12

• nutrient uptake
• swimming motility in viscous environments
• gliding motility eg filamentous bacteria

Question 13

Smallest size bacteria
Largest size bacteria
Average size bacteria

Answer 13

Smallest: 0.2 um
Biggest: 750um
Average: 1-10um

Question 14

Surface area to volume ratio

Answer 14

As the cell gets bigger it’s volume increases faster then it’s surface area

Question 15

Bacteria cell wall

Answer 15

A rigid layer present outside the cytoplasmic membranes that confers structural strength on the cel and protection from osmotic lysis

Question 16

Characteristics of a bacteria cell wall

Answer 16

• Relatively permeable and most microbe have one
• stronger ham the membrane and give shape and rigidity to cel
• prevents lysis due to osmotic pressure
• main discriminatory character between different groups of bacteria

Question 17

Bacteria cell wall composition

Answer 17

Peptidoglycan
Periplasm
Outer membrane

Question 18

In bacteria is the cell wall gram+ or gram- ?

Answer 18

Both gram+ and gram-

Question 19

What is NAM?

Answer 19

N-acetylmuramic acid

Question 20

What is NAG?

Answer 20

N-acetylglucosamine acid

Question 21

What is peptidoglycan composed of in a bacterial cell wall ?

Answer 21

• NAM
• NAG
• amino acids
• lysine or diaminopemelic acid (DAP)

Question 22

How is a gram+ bacterial cell wall composed?

Answer 22

• made up of 90% peptidoglycan

- teichoic acids embedded in cell wall

Question 23

What are teichoic acids?

Answer 23

• Acidic polysaccharides

- when covalently bound to membrane lipids are named lipoteichic acids

Question 24

What makes Gram+ bacteria cell walls unique?

Answer 24

Lipoteichic acids, creating a negative charge in the walls

Question 25

How is a Gram- bacterial cell wall composed?

Answer 25

- 10% peptidoglycan | - mostly lipopolysaccharides (LPS)= outer membrane

Question 26

What are lipopolysaccharides (LPS) composed of in relation to a bacterial cell wall?

Answer 26

Core-polysaccharides O-polysaccharides Also posses endotoxins (toxic compound)

Question 27

What colour does a gram+ cell wall stain?

Answer 27

Dark purple

Question 28

What colour does a gram- call wall stain?

Answer 28

Pink (safranin)

Question 29

What are the main morphological characteristics to identify in a bacterial colony?

Answer 29

- form - elevation - margin - colour (substrate/aerial)

Question 30

What are the forms of a bacterial colony ?

Answer 30

- circular - irregular - filamentous - rhizoid

Question 31

What are the different types of elevation in a bacterial colony?

Answer 31

- raised - convex - flat - umbonate - crateriform

Question 32

What are the different types of margin in a bacterial colony?

Answer 32

- entire - undulate - filiform - curled - lobate

Question 33

What is a bacterial locomotion?

Answer 33

A differential characteristic within bacteria that allows cells to reach different parts of heir environment under their own power

Question 34

What are the main bacterial locomotion methods?

Answer 34

- flagella | - gliding motility

Question 35

Single flagellum at one pole

Answer 35

Polar/monotrichous

Question 36

Tuft of flagella at one pole

Answer 36

Lophotrichous

Question 37

Flagella at both poles

Answer 37

Amphitrichous

Question 38

Flagella all over

Answer 38

Petritrichous

Question 39

Tuft of flagella at both poles

Answer 39

Amphilophotrichous

Question 40

What is flagella?

Answer 40

A thin filamentous organ of mobility in prokaryotes that functions by rotating

Question 41

What is gliding motility in relation to bacterial cells

Answer 41

- movement across solid surfaces of some bacteria that lack flagella - slower and smoother than flagella - occurs long axis of the cell

Question 42

What types of gliding motility are there in relation to bacterial cells?

Answer 42

- Polysaccharide production - Twiching motility (type IV pili) - Movement of cells proteins

Question 43

What is a spore?

Answer 43

A dormant, tough and temporarily non-reproductive structure produced by certain bacteria in response to adverse changes in the environment

Question 44

How long can a spore survive?

Answer 44

Thousands of years

Question 45

Explain spore cycle

Answer 45

The spore can stay dormant until the environmental conditions change and become more favourable

Question 46

What is the keratin outer layer or a spore resistant to?

Answer 46

Chemicals Staining Heat Autoclaving (problem for food production)

Question 47

Types of reproduction in bacterial and archaeal cells

Answer 47

Asexual: - binary fission - budding - Fragmentation Also via conjugation

Question 48

Explain conjugation

Answer 48

Conjugation occurs via the pili- a donor cell containing a conjugative plasmid and a recipient cell which does not .. only donor cell has a pili

Question 49

Name the types of cell morphology in archaea

Answer 49

- coccus - bacillus - filamentous - triangular - square - irregular shaped

Question 50

Smallest archaea cell Biggest archaea cell Average size archaea cell

Answer 50

Smallest 0.1um Biggest 15um Average <1um

Question 51

Composition of archaea cell wall

Answer 51

- no petidoglycan - typically no outer membrane - s layers - pseudomurein - other polysaccharides

Question 52

Describe archaeal flagella

Answer 52

- thinner than bacterial flagella - make a rotation - different composition - probably slower due to size

Question 53

Does archaea produce spores

Answer 53

No archaea produces spores