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Intro to Biochem and Cell Biology > Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells > Flashcards

Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell ?

A

A unicellular organism that lacks membrane-bound nucleus or any membrane bound organelles

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2
Q

What is the range size of prokaryotic cells ?

A

Between 0.1mµ to 10mµ

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3
Q

What are the 3 basic shapes of prokaryotic cells ?

A

Spherical (cocci)
Rod-like (bacilli)
Helically coiled (spirilla)

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4
Q

What are the 7 membrane bound organelles ?

A

Nucleus, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, Vacuoles, Lysosomes, Mitochondria, Chloroplast (in plants)

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5
Q

What are the 2 types of prokarytic cells ?

A

Archaea
Bacteria

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6
Q

What is a plasma membrane ?

A
  • Membrane that separates the cell from the external environment
  • selectively permanent barrier: nutrient & waste transport, location of many metabolic processes (respiration, photosynthesis), detection of environmental cues for chemotaxis
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7
Q

What does the plasma membrane in prokaryotic cells contain ?

A

Lipid bilayer containing proteins

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8
Q

What is cytosol ?

A

The aqueous component of the cytoplasm of a cell, within which various organelles and particles suspend.

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9
Q

What is in the nucleotide in prokaryotic cells?

A
  • Single circular DNA
  • Free in cytoplasm
  • Not associated with proteins
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10
Q

Wha is a nucleotide in prokaryotic cells?

A

A region within the cell of a prokaryote that contains the genetic material

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11
Q

what are the characterises of bacterial cell walls?

A
  • Rigid
  • 3-25nm thick
  • Composed of PEPTIDOGLYCAN (oliogosaccharides + proteins)
    outer membrane is very permiable as it contains porin proteins which form pores in the lipid bilayer.
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12
Q

What is plasmid ?

A

A small circular DNA molecule within a cell

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13
Q

What are the chracterists of a plasmid?

A
  • Replicate idependently
  • Plasmid often carry genes that may benefit the survival of the organism
  • Contributes to antibiotic resistance
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14
Q

How do prokaryotic cells reproduce?

A

Binary Fission

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15
Q

What is the process of binary fission?

A

1- The single, circular DNA molecule undergoes DNA replication
2- Any plasmids present undergo replication
3- The parent cell divides into 2 cells, with cytoplasm roughly halved between the 2 daughter cells
4- The 2 daughter cells each contain a single copy of the circular DNA molecule and a variable number of plasmids
*** if a daughter cell does not receive the single circular DNA molecule or at least one copy of a plasmid they die

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16
Q

Gas vacuole (bacterial and archaeal structures and their functions)

A

Buoyancy for floating aquatic environments

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17
Q

Ribosomes (bacterial and archaeal structures and their functions)

A
  • Protein synthesis
  • 70S / 16 in small subunit
  • 23S and 5S in large unit
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18
Q

Inclusions (bacterial and archaeal structures and their functions)

A

Storage of carbon, phosphate and other substances

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19
Q

Periplasmic space (bacterial and archaeal structures and their functions)

A
  • In Gram negative bacteria contains hydrolytic enzymes and binding proteins for nutrient uptake
  • In Gram positive bacteria and archaea cells, may be smaller or absent
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20
Q

Cell wall (bacterial and archaeal structures and their functions)

A

provides shape and protection from osmotic stress

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21
Q

Capsules and smile layers (bacterial and archaeal structures and their functions)

A

Resistance to phagocytosis, adherence to surfaces; rare in archaea

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22
Q

Fimbriae and pilli (bacterial and archaeal structures and their functions)

A

Attachment to surfaces, bacterial conjugation & transformation, twitching & gliding motility

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23
Q

Flagella (bacterial and archaeal structures and their functions)

A

Swimming motility

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24
Q

Endospore (bacterial and archaeal structures and their functions)

A

Survival under harsh environmental conditions; only observed in bacteria

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25
Q

Cytoplasmic membrane

A
  • Thin structure that surrounds the cell
  • 6 to 8 nm
  • Vital barrier that separates cytoplasm from environment
  • Highly selective permeable barrier; enables concentration of specific metabolites and excretion of waste products
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26
Q

Archaea membranes

A
  • ETHER linkages in phospholipids in Archaea nut Bacteria and Eukarya have ESTER linkages
  • Archaeal lipids lack fatty acids; have isoprenes instead
  • Major lipids are glycerol dieters and tetraethers
  • Can exist as lipid monolayers, bilayers or mixture (superior thermostability)
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27
Q

what is the permeability barrier like in cytoplasmic membrane?

A
  • Polar and charged molecules must be transported
  • Transport proteins accumulate solutes against the conc. gradient
28
Q

What is the role of permeability barriers ?

A
  1. Prevents leakage
  2. Functions as a gateway for transport of nutrients into and out of the cell
29
Q

What is a protein anchor and its role?

A
  1. Site of many proteins involved in transport, biogenetic and chemotaxis
  2. Holds transport proteins in place
30
Q

What is energy conservation and its role?

A
  1. Site of generation
  2. Use of the proton motive force
30
Q

What is energy conservation and its role?

A
  1. Site of generation
  2. Use of the proton motive force
31
Q

What is peptidoglycan ?

A
  1. Rigid layer that provides strength to cell wall
  2. Polysaccharide composed of:
    *N-acetylgucosamine (NAG) and N- acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
    * Amino acids
    * Lysine or diaminopimelic acid (DAP)
    * Cross-linked differently in Gram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive bacteria
32
Q

Characterises of Gram positive cell walls

A
  1. Can contain up to 90% peptidoglycan
  2. Common to have trichroic acids (acidic substances) embedded in the cell wall
    • Lipoteichoic acids: trichroic acids covalently bound to membrane lipids
33
Q

Characterises of Gram negative cell walls

A
  1. Total cell wall contains approx. 10% peptidoglycan
  2. Most of cell wall composed of lipopolysaccharide [LPS] (outer membrane)
    • LPS consists of core polysaccharide and O-polysaccharide
      - LPS replaces most of phospholipids in outer half of outer membrane
      - Endotoxin: the toxic component of LPS
34
Q

What are the characteristics of archaea cell walls ?

A
  1. No peptidoglycan
  2. TYPICALLY no outer membrane
35
Q

What is found in certain methanogenic archaea ?

A

Pseudomurein
- Polysaccharide similar to peptidoglycan
- Composed of N- acetylglucosamine [NAG] and N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid [NAT]
- some archaea don’t have it

36
Q

What is the most common cell wall type among archaea?

A

S-layers
- Consist of protein or glycoprotein
- Has a paracrystalline structure

37
Q

what are capsules and smile layers made off + role?

A
  • Polysaccharides layers
    • may be thick or thin, rigid or flexible
  • Assist in attachment to surfaces
  • protects against phagocytosis
  • resist desiccation
38
Q

what are fimbriae ? (cell surface structures)

A
  • Filamentous protein structures
  • Enable organisms to stick to surfaces or form pellicles
39
Q

Other important structures in prokaryotic cells?

A
  1. Endospores
  2. Flagella
40
Q

Describe some characteristics that could be used to define the prokaryotes

A
  1. They lack membrane-bound organelles
  2. They lack a nucleus
  3. They are typically smaller
41
Q

Draw and label 4 different bacterial shapes

A
  1. Coccus (cocci): spherical
  2. Bacillus (bacilli): rod or cylindrical shape
  3. Spirillum (spirilla): spiral shape
42
Q

What are the main differences between the Gram positive and Gram negative cell wall?

A
  • Gram positive cell walls have up to 90% peptidoglycan
  • Gram negative cell contains ~10% peptidoglycan
  • Gram positive has trichroic acids embedded in their cell wall
  • Gram negative cell walls have a lipopolysaccharide layer
42
Q

What are the main differences between the Gram positive and Gram negative cell wall?

A
  • Gram positive cell walls have up to 90% peptidoglycan
  • Gram negative cell contains ~10% peptidoglycan
  • Gram positive has trichroic acids embedded in their cell wall
  • Gram negative cell walls have a lipopolysaccharide layer
43
Q

What is the function of peptidoglycan ?

A

To provide strength to the cell wall

43
Q

What is the function of peptidoglycan ?

A

To provide strength to the cell wall

44
Q

What are the 2 type of bacterial glycocalyx. How do they differ?

A
  1. Slime layer: loosely associated with the bacteria and can be easily washed off
  2. Capsule: attached tightly to the bacterium and does not wash off easily
45
Q

Why are capsules and slime layers sometime called a glycocalyx?

A

Because they are composed of polysaccharides

46
Q

Role of the nucleus

A
  • It’s a double membrane
  • Separates nucleus from cytoplasm
47
Q

Role nucleus pores

A
  • Aids to regulate exchange of materials between nucleus and cytoplasm
  • 100 nm
48
Q

What are histones and what do they do ?

A

They are proteins that and the folding of DNA in chromosomes to tightly pack it

49
Q

What is chromatin and what does it do ?

A

It is a complex of histones and DNA that make up the chromosomes inside the nucleus

50
Q

What is Rough Endoplasmatic Reticulum ?

A
  • Studded with ribosomes
  • Site of membrane and secretory protein
  • Modify proteins
51
Q

What is Smooth Endoplasmatic Reticulum ?

A

Involved in the synthesis of lipids (cholesterol and phospholipids) producing new cellular membrane

52
Q

What is a Golgi apparatus ?

A
  • System of flattened sacs
  • Received membrane vesicles from RER and modifies proteins with them, the proteins then transported around cell vesicles
  • Packages modified proteins in other vesicles with fuse with plasma membrane
53
Q

What is a nucleolus and what does it do ?

A
  • One or more present
  • Membrane less
  • Involved in production and assembly of ribosomes
54
Q

What are mitochondria and their role?

A
  • Outer membrane is more permeable than the outer membrane due to the porins in the outer membrane
  • The inner memebrane, which is folded to form cristae, site of oxidative phosphorylation which produces ATP
  • The central metric is the site of fatty acid degradation and the citric acid cycle
  • Powerhouse of the cell
55
Q

What are chloroplasts and their role?

A

Absorbs light for photosynthesis and use it in conjunction with H2O and CO2 to produce sugars

56
Q

What are lysosomes and their role?

A
  • Type of Golgi vesicle
  • Contains digestive enzymes (lysozymes)
  • The waste disposal of the cell
  • Digest unwanted material in the cell as well as foreign pathogens
57
Q

What are peroxisomes and their role?

A

Contains enzymes that breakdown amino acids and fatty acids

58
Q

What is a vacuole and its role ?

A
  • No specific shape
  • Contains water, slats, enzymes, flower pigments
  • For turgor pressure in plants
59
Q

Cell Wall (in plants) primary cell wall

A
  • Flexible
  • Cellulose in polysaccharide matrix with some protein
60
Q

Cell Wall (in plants) secondary cell wall

A
  • Higher cellulose content
  • Lignin fills spaces in cell and cross links polysaccharides for strength
  • Between primary cell wall and plasma membrane
61
Q

What is a cholesterol and its role ?

A
  • Steroid
  • Provides some stability in eukaryotic cells
  • Reduces membrane fluidity
  • Make membrane less permeable to small water- soluble molecules
62
Q

What are ribosomes and their role ?

A
  • No organelles as not membrane bound
  • Located in RER surface, in cytoplasm, in mitochondria
  • Involved in protein synthesis
  • Different size in prokaryotes vs eukaryotes
63
Q

What are the types of eukaryotes ?

A
  • Protozoa: single celled animals with animal like behaviours, such as mobility and predation
  • Algae: Diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular organism
  • Fungi: single cell or multicellular organisms that live by decomposing and absorbing the organic material in which they grow

Intro to Biochem and Cell Biology (14 decks)

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