Prokaryotic Structures (3.3)

Question 1

What are the five bacterial shapes?

Answer 1

Coccus (cocci), bacillus (bacilli), vibrio, spirilla (spirillum), and spirochete

Question 2

What does bacterial DNA look like?

Answer 2

Circular, double-stranded and tightly coiled

Question 3

This structure is in some prokaryotes. It is extra-nucleoid region DNA that may encode for antibiotic resistance and can be used in genetic engineering.

Answer 3

Plasmids

Question 4

Site of protein synthesis. Contains small (30s) and large (50s) subunits that make up the whole structure (70s).

Answer 4

Ribosomes

Question 5

This structure can be seen in some gram-positive bacteria that become activated when exposed to adverse environmental conditions and aids in the survival of the bacteria.

Answer 5

Endospores

Question 6

What are the two phases of bacteria that have endospores?

Answer 6

Vegetative (active and growing)
Endospore (sporulation)

Question 7

How do you kill bacteria with endospores?

Answer 7

Autoclave (pressurized steam)

Question 8

Selectively permeable border of the cell that contains a phospholipid belayer and proteins.

Answer 8

Plasma membrane

Question 9

What are the two types of diffusion?

Answer 9

Simple diffusion (throug the bilayer) and facilitated diffusion (needs a protein)

Question 10

What is the goal of diffusion?

Answer 10

Equalize the concentration gradient

Question 11

Does diffusion require energy?

Answer 11

No.

Question 12

What is the passive transport of water?

Answer 12

Osmosis

Question 13

Does osmosis require energy?

Answer 13

No.

Question 14

What is it called when a solution has a equal concentration of solutes as a cell?

Answer 14

Isotonic

Question 15

What happens to a cell in isotonic solution?

Answer 15

It keeps its integrity.

Question 16

What is it called when a solution has a lower concentration of solutes as a cell?

Answer 16

Hypotonic

Question 17

What happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution?

Answer 17

It swells and may burst.

Question 18

What is it called when a solutions has a higher concentration of solutes as a cell?

Answer 18

Hypertonic

Question 19

What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?

Answer 19

It shrinks/crenated

Question 20

What type of transport occurs when solutes are moving across the plasma membrane against the concentration gradient?

Answer 20

Active transport

Question 21

Does active transport require energy?

Answer 21

Yes.

Question 22

What cell structure is found in most prokaryotic cells that determines cell shape, maintains integrity, and provides protection?

Answer 22

Cell wall

Question 23

What two groups are formed when using gram stain?

Answer 23

Gram-positive and gram-negative

Question 24

What is the main component of the cell wall?

Answer 24

Peptidoglycan

Question 25

Gram-positive organisms stain what color?

Answer 25

Purple

Question 26

Gram-negative organisms stain what color?

Answer 26

Pinky-red

Question 27

You suspect an organism contains mycolic acid. What stain do you use?

Answer 27

Acid-fast stain

Question 28

What does a positive reaction of mycolic acid look like? What does a negative reaction of mycolic acid look like?

Answer 28

Positive = red, negative = blue

Question 29

What structure is found in some prokaryotic cells and is a coating outside of the cell wall made of sugars, sometimes with proteins and/or lipids?

Answer 29

Glycocalyx

Question 30

What are the two types of glycocalyces?

Answer 30

Slime layer and capsule

Question 31

This attachment appendage is only used for locomotion in aqueous environments.

Answer 31

Flagella

Question 32

Name the four types of flagellar arrangements.

Answer 32

Monotrichous, amphitrichous, lophotrichous, peritrichous