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AP Psychology > Prologue And Ch.1 > Flashcards

Prologue And Ch.1 Flashcards

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0
Q

Socrates

A

He was a teacher to Plato. He concluded that the mind is separable from the body and continues after the body dies, and that knowledge is innate (born within you).

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1
Q

Psychology

A

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

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2
Q

Plato

A

Student of Socrates, believed in what Socrates believed in.

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3
Q

Aristotle

A

His observations told him that knowledge is NOT pre existing, instead, it grows from the experiences stored in our memories.
-Contradicting what Socrates said.

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4
Q

Rene Descartes

A

He agreed with Socrates and Plato about the existence of innate ideas and the mind being entirely distinct from the body.
He dissected animals brains to see how the mind and body communicate, discovering nerves.

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5
Q

Francis Bacon

A

He discovered modern science and scientific method.

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6
Q

John Locke

A

He argued that the mind, when born, is a blank slate. His ideas helped form modern empiricism.

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7
Q

Empiricism

A

Science should rely on observations and experiences.

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8
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

Founded the first formal laboratory in Leipzig, Germany.

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9
Q

Structuralism

A

An early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind.

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10
Q

Edward Titchener

A

Wundt’s student. Introduced structuralism. His method was to engage people in self-reflective introspection (looking forward).

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11
Q

Introspection

A

The examination of ones own conscious thoughts and feelings.

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12
Q

Functionalism

A

A school of psychology that focuses on how the mental and behavioral processes function-how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.

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13
Q

William James

A

He thought to consider the evolved functions of our thoughts and feelings.

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14
Q

Mary Calkins

A

First female APA president.

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15
Q

Margaret Floy Washburn

A

First women getting a PH. D in psychology.

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16
Q

Humanistic Psychology

A

A psychological perspective that emphasizes the study of the whole person.

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17
Q

Nature-Nurture Issue

A

The argument about if your genes or experiences make up your traits and behaviors.

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18
Q

Natural Selection

A

Those who are able to survive and reproduce to pass on their genes.

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19
Q

Levels of Analysis

A

The differing complimentary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon.

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20
Q

Evolutionary Perspective

A

How the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of ones genes.

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21
Q

Behavior Genetics Perspective

A

How much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences.

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22
Q

Neuroscience Perspective

A

How the body and the brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences.

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23
Q

Psychodynamic Perspective

A

The approach to psychology that studies how human behavior I’d determined by hidden or unconscious motives or desires.

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24
Behavioral Perspective
An approach to psychology that studies observable behavior rather than hidden mental processes.
25
Cognitive Perspective
Studies how the mind makes sense of information and experiences, studies problem solving, decision making, memory, reasoning, and language.
26
Social-Cultural Perspective
Studies how social surrounding and culture shape thinking and behavior.
27
Basic Research
Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.
28
Applied Research
Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.
29
Biological Psychologists
Explore the links between brain and mind.
30
Developmental Psychologists
Study our changing abilities from whom to tomb.
31
Cognitive Psychologists
Study how our interpretation of a situation affect our anger affects our thinking.
32
Personality Psychologists
Investigating our persistent traits.
33
Social Psychologists
Explores how we view and affect one another.
34
Applied Research
Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.
35
Counseling Psychology
Solving problems with everyday life. (Related to school, work, marriage, ect.).
36
Clinical Psychology
Studies and treats people with psychological disorders.
37
Psychiatry
Provides psychological therapy and can proscribe prescriptions(drugs).
38
Hindsight Bias
Known as "I knew it all along phenomenon." The tendency the believe, after learning the outcome, that one would have foreseen it.
39
Overconfidence
A well established bias in which someone's subjective confidence in their judgements is reliably greater than their objective accuracy, especially when confidence is relatively high.
40
Critical Thinking
Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.
41
Scientific Method
Making observations, form theories, and then refine their theories in the light of new observations.
42
Theory
An explanation using an integrated set if principles that organizes mad predicts observations.
43
Hypotheses
A testable prediction, often implies by a theory.
44
Operational definitions
A statement if the procedures(operations) used to define research variables. For an example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures.
45
Replicate
Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances.
46
Case Study
An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in hopes of revealing universal problems. + Able to study rare mad unusual conditions. - Generalizability is difficult.
47
Survey
A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random of them.
48
False Consensus Effect
The tendency to overestimate the extent to which other share our beliefs and behaviors.
49
Population
All the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study.
50
Random Sample
A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.
51
Naturalistic Observations
Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation.
52
Correlational Research
A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and this of how well either factor predicts the other. (Ex. Correlation between grades and how much a student sleeps).
53
Scatter plots
A graph of dots, each of which represent the values of two variables.
54
Illusion Correlation
The perception of a relationship where none exists.
55
Experimental Research
A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behaviors or mental processes.
56
Double-Blinded Procedure
An experimental procedure I'm which both the research participants and the research staff are blinded about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo.
57
Placebo Effect
Experimental results caused by expectations alone.
58
Experimental Condition
The condition of an experiment that exposes participants to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.
59
Control Conditon
The condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.
60
Random Assignment
Assigning participants the external and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing pre existing differences between those assigned to the different groups.
61
Independent Variable
The experimental factor that is MANIPULATED; the variable whose effect is being studied.
62
Dependent Variable
The OUTCOME factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.
63
Mode
The most frequently occurring scores in a distribution.
64
Mean
The average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores.
65
Median
The middle score in a distribution, half of he scores are above it and have are below it.
66
Range
The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.
67
Standard Devation
A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score.
68
Statistical Significance
A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained results occurred by chance.
69
Culture
The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted form one generation to the next.
70
Representative
A sample that FAIRLY reflects the population being studied.
71
Nonrepresentative
A sample that is UNFAIRLY reflects the population being studied.
72
Wording Effects
The wording of a question is very important in research so a researcher needs to pick their wording carefully. (Ex. Aid to the needy OR welfare. Revenue enhancers OR taxes. Pro-life OR anti-abortion.)

AP Psychology (2 decks)

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