Prologue Terms

Question 0

Plato

Answer 0

Student of Socrates; the mind is separate from the body; knowledge is innate

Question 1

Psychology

Answer 1

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Question 2

Socrates

Answer 2

The mind and body are separate; knowledge is innate

Question 3

Aristotle

Answer 3

The soul is not separate from the body; knowledge is not preexisting (it grows from our experiences and memories)

Question 4

Descartes

Answer 4

“Father of Modern Philosophy”; abnormal behavior caused by abnormalities in the brain; mind and body are separate; knowledge is innate; dissected animals and found “animal spirits”

Question 5

Francis Bacon

Answer 5

Introduced the scientific method (drawing knowledge from experimentation and observation); common sense judgement

Question 6

John Locke

Answer 6

Theory of Tabula Rasa; humans are born a blank slate; formed modern empiricism

Question 7

Empiricism

Answer 7

The view that knowledge originates in experiences and that science should rely on observation and experiments

Question 8

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 8

Opened the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany; experiment about the lag between sound and action

Question 9

Structuralism

Answer 9

An early school of psychology that used introspection (self reflection) to explore the structural elements of the human mind

Question 10

Edward Titchener

Answer 10

Brought structuralism to the US and opened first US psychology laboratory at Cornell University

Question 11

Introspection

Answer 11

Looking inward (report experiences when using senses)

Question 12

Functionalism

Answer 12

A school of psychology that focuses on how mental and behavioral processes function- how they enable organisms to adapt, survive, and flourish

Question 13

William James

Answer 13

One of the first US psychologists; developed functionalism; ideas from Charles Darwin about natural selection; wrote “Principles of Psychology”

Question 14

Mary Calkins

Answer 14

Student of James; pioneer in memory research; first female president of the APA

Question 15

Margaret Floy Washburn

Answer 15

First female to receive a PhD in psychology; synthesized animal behavior in “The Animal Mind”

Question 16

Humanistic Psychology/ Perspective

Answer 16

Historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people; self actualization; how to reach full potential of self

Question 17

Nature- Nurture Issue

Answer 17

Nature- Plato and Descartes
Nurture- Aristotle and Locke
Continuing issue today

Question 18

Natural Selection

Answer 18

Charles Darwin- nature selects those most able to survive and reproduce

Question 19

Levels of Analysis

Answer 19

Different outlooks (biological, psychological, and social cultural)

Question 20

Evolutionary Perspective

Answer 20

How the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of one’s genes

Question 21

Behavior Genetics Perspective

Answer 21

How much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences

Question 22

Neuroscience Perspective

Answer 22

How the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences

Question 23

Psychodynamic Perspective (Pyschoanalytic)

Answer 23

How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts

Question 24

Behavioral Perspective (Behaviorism)

Answer 24

How we learn observable responses; how organisms learn or modify their behavior

Question 25

Cognitive Perspective

Answer 25

How we encode, process, store and retrieve information and how that influences our behavior

Question 26

Social- Cultural Perspective (Sociocultural)

Answer 26

How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures; how culture and social groups affect behavior

Question 27

Basic Research

Answer 27

Builds psychology's knowledge base- pure science

Question 28

Applied Research

Answer 28

Take on practical problems

Question 29

Biological Psychologist

Answer 29

Explore the link between brain and mind

Question 30

Developmental Psychologist

Answer 30

Study changing abilities from womb to tomb

Question 31

Cognitive Psychologist

Answer 31

Experiment with how we perceive, think, and solve problems

Question 32

Personality Psychologist

Answer 32

Investigation on our persistent traits

Question 33

Social Psychologist

Answer 33

Explore how we view and affect each other

Question 34

Counseling Psychologist

Answer 34

Help people cope with challenges (academic, vocational and marital) to achieve greater well being

Question 35

Clinical Psychology

Answer 35

Assess and treat mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders

Question 36

Psychiatry

Answer 36

Medical doctors licensed to prescribe drugs, and otherwise treat physical causes of psychological disorders as well as psychological therapy