Properties and production of X-rays1

Question 1

Nucleus
Z number:
A number:

Answer 1

Z number: atomic number (# of protons)

A number: atomic mass (# P + N)

Question 2

Electrons are arranged in definite energy levels (orbits). These electrons are kept in the orbits by __________ and _____________

Answer 2

Electrostatic attraction and centrifugal force

Question 3

Maximum # of shells (orbits) is

Answer 3

7

Question 4

__________is a measure of the energy required to free electrons from their atomic orbits

Answer 4

Binding Energy

Question 5

Binding energy is the ___________ force that keeps the electrons in it’s orbits

Answer 5

attractive

Question 6

Binding energy is Inversely / linear / exponentially proportional to the square of distance between nucleus and electron.

Answer 6

inversely

Question 7

Which of the following has the highest binding energy?

K, L, M, N, O, P shells

Answer 7

K has the highest binding energy because it is closest to the nucleus.
Binding energy will decrease from inner shell to outer shell. order of the shells from inner to outer is KLMNOP.

Question 8

Binding energy of an electron depends upon the ________and the ________

Answer 8

element and the position of the orbit

Question 9

Binding energy of electron in a specified shell is _______in an element with a high Z number than in an element with a low Z number

Answer 9

higher

Question 10

What is the binding energy of K shell?

Answer 10

70KeV

Question 11

Match the following:
A) Radiation
B) Radioactivity
C) Ionization

1) Energy in transit
2) The characteristic of various materials to emit ionizing radiation
3) The removal of electrons from an atom

Answer 11

A-1
B-2
C-3

Question 12

Radiation is _______in motion
Radiation can be ____________ or __________
Radiation can be ___________or __________

Answer 12

energy
electromagnetic or particulate
ionizing or non-ionizing radation

Question 13

___________radiation consists of small subatomic particles moving at a very high velocity

Answer 13

Particulate radiation

Question 14

Examples of particulate radiation:

Answer 14

Alpha rays (protons
Beta rays (electrons)

Question 15

Energy associated with particulate radiation is _______ energy.

Answer 15

Kinetic energy (KE)

Question 16

KE is directly / inversely related to mass and /or velocity of particle

Answer 16

directly

Question 17

__________ is the rate of the loss of energy of a particle as it moves along its path in an absorber

Mass of the particle : directly / inversely related
Charge of the particle: directly / inversely related
Velocity of particle: directly / inversely related

Answer 17

Linear Energy Transfer (LET)

mass of the particle is DIRECTLY related
Charge of the particle is DIRECTLY related
Velocity of the particle is INVERSELY related

Question 18

__________radiation have both particle and wave form

Answer 18

Electromagnetic radiation

Question 19

Theories of electromagnetic radiation

Answer 19

Wave theory: electromagetic radiation propagates in waves
Quantum theory: electromagnetic radiation is considered as “bundles” (or packets) of energy called photons (or “quanta”).

Question 20

According to wave theory, the electric and magnetic fields are in planes at ______angle

Answer 20

right

Question 21

According to wave theory, EMR (electromagnetic radiation travels in what direction from its source

Answer 21

EMR travels in all directions from its source

Question 22

Velocity (c) = lamda x frequency (v)

Answer 22

frequency is the # of oscillations, vibrations, waves or cycles per second
lamda is the wavelength that is measured between 2 crests or troughs

Question 23

T/F
X-rays diverge and therefore the machine has to be closer to the tooth otherwise more radiation will hit the face and will result in unnecessary radiation.

Answer 23

True

Question 24

Energy of EMR and v are directly / inversely related

Energy of EMR and lamda are directly / inversely related

Answer 24

directly
inversely (shorter the wavelength = higher the frequency =  higher the energy)

Question 25

What waves do we use for MRI?

Answer 25

radio waves

Question 26

Which of the following waves are ionizing? 1) radio 2) microwave 3) infrared 4) Visible 5) Ultraviolet 6) X-ray 7) Gamma Ray

Answer 26

UV, X-ray and Gamma ray

Question 27

Radiation that cuases ionization (usually in biologic molecules) is called ____________ radiation

Answer 27

ionizing

Question 28

what happens when the energy is not sufficient to overcome binding energy?

Answer 28

the process is called EXCITATION. The electron is NOT ejected but the electron is raised to higher energy level within the orbit. It instantaneously gives up this excess energy and returns to ground level.