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Physics Unit 4 > Properties of mechanical waves > Flashcards

Properties of mechanical waves Flashcards

1
Q

Amplitude

A

amplitude is the magnitude of the maximum oscillation

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2
Q

Compression

A

compression a point in the medium of a longitudinal wave where pressure is maximum

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3
Q

Crest

A

crest a point in the medium of a transverse wave where particles have maximum positive displacement

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4
Q

Frequency

A

frequency the number of wave cycles completed per unit of time

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5
Q

Longitudinal (compression wave)

A

longitudinal (compression) wave a wave in which the oscillations are parallel to the direction of wave travel and energy transmission

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6
Q

Mechanical wave

A

mechanical wave a wave which requires a material medium

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7
Q

Medium

A

medium the physical substance through which a wave propagates

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8
Q

Period

A

period the time taken to complete one wave cycle

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9
Q

Rarefaction

A

rarefaction a point in the medium of a longitudinal wave where pressure is minimum

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10
Q

Tranverse wave

A

transverse wave a wave in which the oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of wave travel and energy transmission

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11
Q

Trough

A

trough a point in the medium of a transverse wave where particles have maximum negative displacement

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12
Q

Wave

A

wave the transmission of energy via oscillations from one location to another without the net transfer of matter

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13
Q

Wave cycle

A

wave cycle the process of a wave completing one full oscillation, ending up in a final configuration identical to the initial configuration

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14
Q

Wavelength

A

wavelength the distance between two identical points in a wave

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15
Q

Wavespeed

A

wave speed the speed at which a wave propagates through a medium

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16
Q

Doppler effect

A

Doppler effect the detected frequency change due to the relative motion between a wave source and detector

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17
Q

Antinode

A

antinode a point where constructive interference consistently occurs

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18
Q

Coherance

A

Coherance is two wave sources that create the same frequency within a medium

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19
Q

Interference

A

interference superposition creating a larger (constructive) or smaller (destructive) resultant wave

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20
Q

Node

A

node a point where destructive interference consistently occurs

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21
Q

Path difference

A

path difference the difference in length between paths from two different wave sources to the same endpoint

22
Q

Superposition

A

superposition the addition of overlapping waves in the same medium

23
Q

Forced oscillation

A

forced oscillation the oscillation caused by an external driving force

24
Q

Natural freqnecy/ resonance frequency

A

natural frequency the frequency of oscillations within an object when not driven by an external periodic force

25
Q

Resonance

A

resonance the process by which the amplitude of an oscillation increases when forced oscillations match the natural frequency

26
Q

Fundamental frequency

A

fundamental frequency the lowest frequency of a standing wave in a given medium

27
Q

Harmonic

A

harmonic a standing wave with a frequency equal to an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency

28
Q

Standing wave/stationary wave

A

standing wave a wave for which the positions of maximum amplitude (antinodes) and zero amplitude (nodes) are constant; a superposition of two waves travelling in opposite directions with the same frequency and amplitude

29
Q

Travelling wave

A

travelling wave a wave for which the crests and troughs (or compression and rarefaction) travel in the direction of wave propagation

30
Q

Aperature

A

aperture a hole, gap, or slit through which a wave travels

31
Q

Diffraction

A

diffraction the spread of a wave around an obstacle or through an aperture

32
Q

Example of a tranverse wave diagram

A
33
Q

Example of a longitudal wave diagram

A
34
Q

What are the propertities of waves?

A

–> Amplitude (A)

–> Wavelength (λ)

–> Period (T)

–> Frequency (f)

35
Q

What is the formula that shows the relationship between frecunecy and the period?

A

f=1/T

Where f=frequency

T=Period

36
Q

Graphing Wave representation: Displacement-distance and Displacement-time graph

A
37
Q

What are the two wave equations?

A
38
Q

In reference to resonance what occurs at a “fixed end”

A

Fixed ends reflect and invert the wave.

39
Q

In reference to resonance what happens to a “free end”

A

Free ends reflect but do not invert the wave.

40
Q

What happens to an object if driven by its natural frequency?

A

An object or system will resonate (amplitude increase) if it is driven at its natural frequency.

41
Q

What is the effect of resonance on an object?

A

Resonance greatly increases the magnitude of oscillation in an object or system. Which can shatter a glass souly through intense bivarations due to a singer producing sound waves at a natrual frequency.

42
Q

What occurs with standing waves with 2 fixed ends?

A

When two waves with the same amplitude and frequency travel in opposite directions, an interference pattern forms from their superposition.

A superposotion is where two or more waves of the same type cross at some point, the resultant displacement at that point is equal to the sum of the displacements due to each individual wave.

43
Q

Superposition

A

Two or more waves of the same type cross at some point, the resultant displacement at that point is equal to the sum of the displacements due to each individual wave.

44
Q

What is the formula for strings with two fixed ends

A
45
Q

What must a standing wave with two fixed ends have?

A

A standing wave must have two fixed end nodes as the wave lengths correspond

46
Q

What occurs with a standing wave with one fixed end

A

Standing waves with one fixed end and one free end are again formed by the superposition of two identical waves travelling in opposite directions. They always have a node at the fixed end and an antinode at the free end.

47
Q

Harmonics regarding standing waves with one fixed end

A

On a string with one fixed end, standing waves are constrained by the fact that there must be a node at the fixed end and an antinode at the free end. Therefore in order for this to occur n (the harmonic number) must be an odd integer.

48
Q

For strings with one fixed end, the wavelength and frequency of standing waves can be calculated by the following formula:

A
49
Q

Standing waves 1 fixed end vs 2 fixed end

A

Standing waves on a string with two fixed ends form so that the length of the string is an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. Standing waves on a string with one fixed end and one free end form so that the length of the string is an odd multiple of one quarter of the wavelength.

50
Q

Examples of diffraction

A

Diffraction occurs every time a wave interacts with the edge of an obstacle. This is shown through ripples in water where diffraction can be seen through the created pattern.

51
Q

When analyzing diffraction it is found there certain porporotions and dependants. What are those?

A
52
Q
A

Physics Unit 4 (4 decks)

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