Prosocial and Antisocial Behaviour

Question 1

what are the three motives that prompt the need to affiliate with others

Answer 1

1) spending time with others allow us to engage in comparison which allows us to better evaluate ourselves

2) being with others alleviates fear or anxiety

3) a desire to give and get approval, support, friendship and love to people close to us

Question 2

what is interpersonal attraction

Answer 2

social attraction to another person - we are socially attracted to people we want to affiliate ourselves with

Question 3

What are the 4 factors that influence attraction?

Answer 3

1) Familiarity and proximity - we are attracted to people whom we are familiar with

2) Similarity - similar people are attracted to each other

3) Physical attraction - we want to be friends and partners with people we find physically attractive

4) Reciprocity - we want to be friends and partners with people who reciprocate our feelings

Question 4

Explain Self-Disclosure

Answer 4

The process of revealing private thoughts, feelings and ones personal history to others

Question 5

Explain Social Exchange

Answer 5

any exchange between two people of attention, information, affection, favours, etc

Question 6

Name the three basic components of Sternberg’s triangular theory of love

Answer 6

1) Intimacy - refers to feelings of connectedness and affection

2) Passion - deep emotional or sexual feelings

3) Commitment - the determination to stay in a long-term relationship with someone

Question 7

Explain Romantic Love

Answer 7

passion + intimacy

Question 8

Explain companionate love

Answer 8

intimacy + commitment

Question 9

Explain fatuous love

Answer 9

passion + commitment

Question 10

Explain Consummate Love

Answer 10

Intimacy + passion + commitment

Question 11

Explain the suture attachment style

Answer 11

They think people are trustworthy, they dont worry about being abandoned by others, they are comfortable getting emotionally close to others

Question 12

Explain the avoidant attachment style

Answer 12

they pull pack when things don’t go well in a relationship, they are skeptical of true love, they have trouble trusting partners and they get nervous when people get emotionally close

Question 13

Explain ambivalent attachment style

Answer 13

they feel under appreciated in romantic relationships, they worry that the other person doesn’t love them, they would like to be closer with their partner but is unsure if they are trustworthy

Question 14

What is evolutionary psychology?

Answer 14

The study of the evolutionary origins of human behaviour patterns

Question 15

Explain the mating priorities in men

Answer 15

• health
• youth
• beauty

Question 16

Explain the main reproductive challenges being addressed by the mating priorities of men

Answer 16

• the main priorities which men hold are signs which women are able to reproduce

Question 17

Explain the main mating priorities in women

Answer 17

• older
• financially stable
• high status

Question 18

Explain the main reproductive challenges being addressed by the mating priorities of women

Answer 18

by knowing the man is financially stable and of high status, her anxiety can lessen as she knows the family will be supported after the child arrives

Question 19

Define prosocial behaviour

Answer 19

any action that benefits another person, may include things like sharing, helping, comforting, etc

Question 20

What are the three motives for prosocial behaviour

Answer 20

1) Evolutionary Forces - historically, humans have had a better chance of survival when they live in groups

2) People Who Are Self-Oriented - they use helping people to better help themselves (extra volunteering to better University application)

3) People Who Are Other-Oriented - behaviours which people do with the intention of helping individuals in need

Question 21

Explain the relationship between prosocial behaviour, altruism and egoism

Answer 21

self-oriented behaviour stems from egoism where as other-oriented stems from altruism (a specific type of prosocial behaviour motivated by improving the circumstances of others)

Question 22

What are the two factors which people in need hold which can determine weather they receive adequate help or noe

Answer 22

1) Similarity = people are more likely to help people in need who are similar to them

2) when a person needs help for a situation they are unable to control = people are more likely to help individuals when they are in need due to something out of their control

Question 23

What are the 4 characteristics of the helper that may impact the likelihood that help is provided

Answer 23

1) Gender = different genders like to help individuals in different ways (women help in emotional pain) (Men help in a physical labor way)

2) Beliefs about Competence = people are more likely to help others when they believe they are able to help

3) Personality Characteristics = The personality agreeableness is linked to helping people

4) Empathy = many people with high amounts of empathy are more likely to help someone

Question 24

Define Empathy

Answer 24

State in which people, when faced with someone who is suffering, experience a feeling that parallels that of the person in distress

Question 25

Explain the Three Components of Empathy

Answer 25

1) Cognitive Component = allows you to take the perspective of the individual needing help 2) Emotional Component = the feelings you experience to the situation 3) Psychological Component = is linked to physical auroral

Question 26

What is the bystander effect

Answer 26

the unwillingness of bystander's to offer help during emergencies or to become involved in other peoples problems

Question 27

Why is the bystander effect more likely to occur when more people are around

Answer 27

people assume and believe that someone else which is around is going to help the individual or call 911

Question 28

Explain the three decision points for bystanders

Answer 28

1) Noticing = someone may or may mot notice a situation happening 2) Defining an Emergency = people may or may not define the situation as an emergency 3) Taking Responsibility = when a person takes responsibility during an event, they are more likely to help

Question 29

what is antisocial behaviour

Answer 29

Behaviour that violates social norms and the rights of others

Question 30

What is aggression?

Answer 30

refers to antisocial acts that directly harm another person

Question 31

Explain Direct and Indirect aggression

Answer 31

Direct - verbal and physical attacks Indirect - refers to aggressive acts which aim to destroy individuals reputations, social standing, friendships and self-esteem

Question 32

Explain the three causes of aggression

Answer 32

1) Biology = some argue that human aggression is instinct and biologically passed down from our ancestors during evolution 2) Frustration = frustration encourages aggression but not every person who is frustrated is going to commit an aggressive act 3) Social Learning = we learn to be aggressive through observing others being aggressive

Question 33

what are the two ways of reducing aggression at the societal level?

Answer 33

1) reduce our society's exposure to violence 2) increasing exposure to prosocial behaviour

Question 34

what are three ways to reduce aggression at the individual level

Answer 34

1) self-regulating strategies 2) using problem-focused coping strategies 3) change the attributions made for frustrating events

Question 35

Define prejudice

Answer 35

positive or negative attitudes towards an entire group of individuals

Question 36

what are the three components of prejudice

Answer 36

1) social stereotypes 2) discrimination 3) microaggressions

Question 37

what is group member/group-based prejudice?

Answer 37

prejudice towards a group based of off a characteristic (race, sex, age, etc)

Question 38

What is explicit and implicit prejudice

Answer 38

Explicit - prejudice which is clearly expressed and out in the open Implicit - unconscious prejudice (thoughts and feelings about another group)

Question 39

Explain the Implicit Association Task (IAT)

Answer 39

a test which determines weather and individual has an implicit prejudice. many people do not know they have an implicit prejudice until they take a IAT test

Question 40

What are the 4 factors associated with higher levels of prejudice

Answer 40

1) frustration 2) social learning 3) authoritarian beliefs 4) dehumanization

Question 41

what are the 4 consequences of prejudice?

Answer 41

1) prevents people from being able to do things they should be able to do 2) racial profiling 3) health consequences 4) stereotype threat

Question 42

What are the three methods which attempt to reduce prejudice?

Answer 42

1) Equal-status contact - interacting on an equal footing, without obvious differences in power or status 2) superordinate goals - situations which require people of diverse groups to work together to achieve a common goal 3) direct instruction - companies providing training on implicit prejudice

Question 43

what are the 6 ways you can help develop a sense of openness with others?

Answer 43

1) seek individuating information = information which allows us to see people as individuals rather then members of a group 2) Don't fall prey to just-worlds beliefs 3) be aware of self-fulfilling prophecies 4) look for commonalities 5) set an example for others 6) remember, different doesn't mean inferior