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psych: development > Prosocial and Moral Development > Flashcards

Prosocial and Moral Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is Morality based on?

A
  • Morality is based on empathy
  • Empathy does not = sympathy
  • Empathy is part of nature (non-human and human)
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2
Q

What is Sympathy?

A

consists of feelings of concern for the other

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3
Q

what are the 3 developments that happen at age 2? What does fit have to do with empathy and self-distress?

A
  • empathic concern increases
  • self-distress (when witnessing others’ distress) decreases
  1. Naturalistic observations
  2. Mothers were trained as observers
  3. observations were coded by researchers
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4
Q

What are the 3 Sources of Moral Development?

A
  1. Individual
    - formation of moral beliefs
  2. Nature
    - empathy and altruism
  3. Nurture
    - internalization of moral norms and values
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5
Q

what are 3 developments that happen as cognitive ability increases?

A
  1. Sympathy becomes more accurate
    - Better able to infer others’ feelings from situational context
  2. Prosocial helping becomes more effective
    - Better able to provide effective means to alleviate other’s distress
  3. Sympathy becomes more situation independent
    - Symbolic information may suffice to elicit sympathy
    - E.g., reading newspaper article
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6
Q

What was Warneken and Tomasello Experiment

A
  • 18 months old infants spontaneously help without being explicitly asked to do so and without expecting a benefit in return
  • Same type of helping can be observed in chimps, but less consistent
  • Children’s early helping is intrinsically motivated
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7
Q

At what age do Babies have a Preference for Helpfulness?

A

6-12 month-old infants have a social preference for helpfulness

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8
Q

What was the Habituation Experiment?

A
  • Climber (red circle) attempts to climb hill twice, each time falling back to bottom of hill
  • Climber is either bumped up hill by helper (yellow triangle) or bumped down hill by hinderer (blue square)
  • Infants watched sequence of events until habituated to it
  • Test phase: both geometrical shapes (helper versus hinderer) were placed on tray to see which one baby reaches for
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9
Q

What was The Moral Baby about? (2)

A

Empathy/Compassion
- babies feel with others
Helping Behaviour
- helping is intrinsically motivated
Social Evaluations
- babies prefer ‘nice’ over ‘mean’ characters

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10
Q

What was the The (Im)Moral Toddler about? (5)

A
  1. Children show physical aggression when they have enough motor control
    - instrumental aggression
    - reactive and proactive aggression
  2. Children show antisocial behaviour no less than prosocial behaviour
  3. Children need to learn to act on prosocial proclivities and suppress antisocial impulses
  4. to avoid antisocial behaviour motivation needs to overpower
    - Strong negative emotions (e.g. anger, revengefulness)
    - Self-interest, egoistic desires
    - Satisfaction gained from antisocial behaviour
  5. motivation to follow moral rules need to be effective even in absence of rule enforcing sanctions
    - parents, teachers, society can’t control everything
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11
Q

Learning How to Follow Moral Rules

A

The learning theory perspective
- rule violations are punished
- Children learn that breaking rules does not pay off
- Will start to avoid rule breaking behaviour
- Punished child attributes rule conforming behaviour to an external source and not to his/her own desires
- Punishment creates negative affect/hostility in parent/child relationship
- Punishments prevents internalization of moral rules (especially if it is harsh and unfair)

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12
Q

What are the Short and Long term consequences of Corporal Punishment? (slapping and spanking)

A

increase in:
- immediate obedience
- aggression
- criminal behaviour in adulthood
decrease in:
- internalization of rules
- quality of parent child relationship

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13
Q

What are Three parenting techniques?

A
  1. Power assertion
  2. Love-withdrawal
  3. Induction
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14
Q

What is Power assertion?

A

Withdrawal of privileges, force, physical punishment, threat

Unsuccessful in promoting
- Resistance to temptation
- Guilt over antisocial behavior
- Reparation after deviation
- Altruism
- Higher levels of moral reasoning

Explanation
- More hostility in parent-child relationship
- Provides role model for aggressive behaviour
- Makes messenger (parent) salient rather than message itself

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15
Q

What is Love-withdrawal?

A
  • Ignoring, isolating, and indicating dislike of child
  • Inconsistent findings, sometimes effective sometimes not

Explanation
- Does not arouse anger and hostility, but also does not foster sensitivity to the feelings and needs of others

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16
Q

What is Induction?

A
  • Gentle forms of parental discipline (voice, gesture) in combination with communication about the effects of child’s actions on others
  • Most effective for rule internalization

The Role of Induction:
Most effective for rule internalization
- Gentle forms of parental discipline (voice, gesture) in combination with communication about the effects of child’s actions on others
- Clearly communicates parents’ disapproval without being threatening the child
- Calls attention to the victim’s distress
- Exploits child’s capacity for empathy
- Points at the role of the child’s action in causing that distress
- Creates condition for experiencing guilt
- Appeals to and promotes child’s understanding of moral rules
- Moral rules are there to prevent harm and to protect others’ rights and welfare

17
Q

Who are 3 theorists that specialized in Children’s Understanding of Moral Rules

A
  1. Jean Piaget: Two levels of rule understanding
    - Moral heteronomy vs. moral autonomy
  2. Lawrence Kohlberg: Stage model of moral judgment
    - Three levels in the development of moral judgment
     Preconventional (Stages 1-2)
     Conventional (Stages 3-4)
     Postconventional (Stage 5-6)
  3. Elliot Turiel: Domain Approach
    - Two independent domains of socio moral reasoning
    - Moral
    - Conventional
18
Q

What is Heteronomy?

A
  • Rules are respected because they are handed down from adults
  • Rules are understood as absolutes
  • Sacred and unchangeable
  • No exceptions are allowed
  • Rules are understood literally
  • Lying = not telling truth
  • Beliefs in objective responsibility
19
Q

What is Autonomy?

A
  • Rules arise from mutual consent
  • Rules are understood as changeable and flexible
  • Binding as long as social consensus prevails, mutual interests are served
  • Rules are understood according to their spirit
  • Beliefs in subjective responsibility
20
Q

What are Kohlberg’s 6 Stages of Moral Reasoning?

A
  1. Preconventional level (perspective of the concrete individual)
    - Stage 1: physical consequences, punishment
    - Stage 2: own interests
  2. Conventional level (member of society perspective)
    - Stage 3: social expectations that define a good-person
    - Stage 4: maintaining social order by obeying the law and doing one’s duty
  3. Postconventional level (prior-to society perspective)
    - Stage 5: standards that have been agreed upon by whole society
    - Stage 6: principles that all humanity should follow
21
Q

What was Turiel’s Domain Approach?

A

Turiel presents children simple stories drawn from everyday life, all stories describe different forms of rule- violations
- Hitting another child
- Addressing the teacher by his/her first name
- Taking another child’s candy
- Eating spaghetti with fingers
- Not brushing your teeth before going to bed

22
Q

What are Moral norms?

A
  • Are unchangeable
  • Are not contingent on the existence of a rule
  • Are universal
  • Reasons that support moral norms: consequences for others
  • Prototypical: not hitting others, respecting property, keeping promises
  • All actions that have an direct impact on others’ well-being
23
Q

What are Conventional Rules?

A
  • Can be altered by consensus
  • Are contingent on the existence of a rule
  • Are culture specific
  • Reasons that support conventional rules: consequences for social order
  • Prototypical: traffic regulations, dress codes
  • Regulations that guarantee social order

psych: development (16 decks)

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