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Advanced Nutrition: Proteins, Vitamins, and Minerals > Protein and Amino Acid Requirements > Flashcards

Protein and Amino Acid Requirements Flashcards

1
Q

We determine how much protein we need via what 5 things

A

1) Requirement
2) DRI
3) RDA: meets 97-98% of populayion
4) AI
5) EAR: Meets 50% needs of the population 2 standard deviations from RDI

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2
Q

What must provide requirements for maintenance and any special needs of growth, reproduction and lactation.

A

Dietary Protein Requirement

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3
Q

The lowest level of dietary protein intake that will balance the losses of nitrogen from the body, and thus maintain the body protein mass in persons at energy balance with modest levels of physical activity.

A

Dietary Protein Requirement

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4
Q

What populations should have a higher intake of protein and why?

A

Children and pregnant of lactating women, due to deposition of tissues or the secretion of milk at rates consistent with good health.

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5
Q

The IOM, Food and Nutrition Board, and the NAtional Academy of Sciences set which requirement?

What countries to they set them for?

A

DRI’s

United States and Canda

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6
Q

What is the Adult EAR for Protein?

A

Adult EAR: 0.66 g/kg body weight

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7
Q

What is the Adult EAR for Protein?

A

Adult RDA: 0.80 g/kg body weight

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8
Q

WHO/FAO/UNU sets what?

What countries do they set them for?

A

Food and Agricultural Organization

The rest of the World

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9
Q

What are the two methods to determine protein requirements?

A

Factorial Method and Nitrogen Balance Method

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10
Q

Which method is not currently used to estimate protein requirement?

A

Factorial Method

but it is used for other nutrients, i.e. zinc requirements

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11
Q

Which method that was used to estimate the most recent protein requirements (DRI 2005)?

A

Nitrogen Balance Method

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12
Q

Why is the factorial method not used?

A

It underestimates protein requirements

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13
Q

Which method measures obligatory nitrogen loss in persons on diets devoid of protein, but adequate in energy and other nutrients?

A

Factorial Method

Loss of nitrogen on a nitrogen free diet

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14
Q

What is Obligatory Nitrogen Loss?

A

Loss in urine, feces, sweat and minor routes (hair, nails, sloughed skin, body secretions, etc.)

  • Men lose more than women
    Men 50 mg N.kg-1.d-1.
    Women 35 mg N. kg-1.d-1.
    Average 47 mg N. kg-1.d-1.
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15
Q

Since no protein is fed, there is no way of estimating dietary protein digestibility or utilization by the body

This is a problem in which method?

A

Factorial

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16
Q

There are technical difficulties in accurately estimating losses (urine, sweat, dermal, etc)

This is a problem in which method?

A

Factorial

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17
Q

With low protein intake (or in protein deficiency) adaptation and accommodation occurs which skew the results

This is a problem in which method?

A

Factorial

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18
Q

In a protein free diet, in which everything else stays normal, about how many days does it take before Nitrogen levels hit a steady states (aka nitrogen levels decrease for how many days before becoming stable?)

A

7-8 days

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19
Q

Can nitrogen excretion ever reach zero?

A

No

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20
Q

Do you lose more nitrogen when you are fasting or when you are on a low protein diet?

A

Fasting

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21
Q

Are fasting and starvation different? How so?

A

Yes,

Fasting don’t eat for a while and starvation means you are not eating anything

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22
Q

What involves calculating the difference (per day) between nitrogen intake and amount excreted in urine, feces, sweat and dermal losses?

A

Nitrogen Balance

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23
Q

Nitrogen balance =

give a formula

A

g of N eaten – g of N lost

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24
Q

Who is in nitrogen balance?

A

Stable weight healthy adults

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25
Q

Who is in positive nitrogen balance? (3)

A

Growing infants and children
Pregnant and lactating women
Individuals performing weight bearing exercises

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26
Q

Who is in negative nitrogen balance?

A

Individuals in the catabolic state (stress, trauma, infection, etc.)
Individuals on weight reducing diets
Individuals consuming inadequate protein

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27
Q

Growing infants and children are in what type of nitrogen balance?

A

Positive

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28
Q

Pregnant and lactating women are in what type of nitrogen balance?

A

Positive

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29
Q

Individuals performing weight bearing exercises are in what type of nitrogen balance?

A

Positive

If you eat 100g protein, you will excrete 80 because 20 will go to muscle building. Thus, you took more in that you put out so you are in positive nitrogen balance. Make more muscle denovo

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30
Q

Individuals in the catabolic state (stress, trauma, infection, etc.) are in what type of nitrogen balance?

A

Negative

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31
Q

Individuals on weight reducing diets are in what type of nitrogen balance?

A

Negative

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32
Q

Individuals consuming inadequate protein are in what type of nitrogen balance?

A

Negative

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33
Q

Stable weight healthy adults are in what type of nitrogen balance?

A

Balanced

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34
Q

More nitrogen taken in than lost

A

Positive Nitrogen Balance

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35
Q

More nitrogen lost than taken in

A

Negative Nitrogen Balance

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36
Q

Hadaad Notes: Nitrogen Balance

A

Nitrogen balance is the classic approach, which has been used for almost all determinations of protein requirement and a large number of studies of amino acid requirements since the pioneering work of Rose. The basic concept is that protein is by far the major nitrogen-containing substance in the body, so that gain or loss of nitrogen from the body can be regarded as synonymous with gain or loss of protein. Second, it is implicit in the method that in the healthy subject, body nitrogen will be constant (in the adult) or increasing maximally (in the growing child) if the dietary intake of the specific test nutrient, such as an indispensable amino acid, is adequate. It follows from this that if body nitrogen is decreasing or is not increasing adequately, then the diet is deficient.

Estimates of protein requirements have been determined by studying groups of people fed different amounts of protein, in order to determine the minimum intake that will permit them to maintain N equilibrium. At intakes below their requirement, they will show negative N balance.

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37
Q

Which methods involves placing subjects on diets adequate in all nutrients except for the one being tested (ie, protein)

A

The Nitrogen balance method

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38
Q

Subjects are placed in random order on diets containing various levels of protein (example 0.2 g/kg, 0.3 g/kg, 0.4 g/kg, 0.6 g/kg), each for a number of days to achieve a steady state, and then urine, feces, and dermal samples are collected to measure nitrogen losses

A

Nitrogen balance method

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39
Q

True or False? Nitrogen balance is then computed for each level of intake

A

True: Theoretically, the lowest level of N intake needed to achieve nitrogen balance represents the protein “requirement.”

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40
Q

Major challenge with nitrogen balance method

A

To determine exactly where the zero balance point occurs

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41
Q

Graph: “Response of N balance to increasing amounts of whole-egg protein added to a protein-free diet”

1) What is the order: conservation, theoretical requirement then N equilbrium

A

conservation–> theoretical requirement –> actual requirement

42
Q

What is another name for actual requirement ?

A

N equilibrium

43
Q

Is Nitrogen balance graph linear?

A

No, it is not linear, the slope changes as intake approaches the balance point

44
Q

What are the reasons Nitrogen balance is not linear?

A

1) There are technical difficulties associated with the exact measurement of intake and output
2) The length of time needed to achieve steady state is often longer than that used in N balance experiments
3) The influence of other dietary factors such as calories, essential amino acids, and nonessential amino acids may influence balance
4) It is possible to maintain N equilibrium at any level of protein intake above the minimum requirement. Intake in excess of requirements does not lead to positive N balance, but simply leads to excretion of more end-products of amino acid catabolism, so that balance is maintained

45
Q

True or False:

Excess energy intake improves N Balance and, thus, underestimates requirement needed at maintenance energy intakes.

A

True

46
Q

What are two specific problems with Nitrogen balance? (2 terms)

A

Adaptation and Accomodation

47
Q

In the N balance method, what is the process that permits the organism to response to a dietary change without adverse consequences?

A

Adaptation

  • body adapts and the body response fine to a reduced amount of a nutrient
48
Q

In the N balance method, what is the process that permits the organism to response to dietary change that favors survival of the individual but may result in losses in some important functions

A

Accommodation

  • changes happen, but you don’t see it ex: losing protein from muscle, “you don’t really see it”
49
Q

True or False:

If you intake less Cals you need more protein

A

True

50
Q

True or False:

How much you feed people affects to balance point?

A

True

51
Q

Is the body more efficient when it has less or more calories?

A

Less calories, but eventually it will resort to breaking down protein if your cals are too low

52
Q

Does gender affects ages 0-18 in regards to the recommend intakes of high-quality reference protein for normal humans (EAR and RDA’s)

A

No

53
Q

When does gender come into play in regards to the recommend intakes of high-quality reference protein for normal humans (EAR and RDA’s)

A

ages 14+

54
Q

> 18 years old EAR

A

0.66 g/kg/d

55
Q

> 18 years old RDA

A

0.80 g/kg/d

56
Q

Hadaad Notes: Recommended Intakes of High-Quality Reference Protein for Normal Humans. (IOM 2002)

A

Recommended Intakes of High-Quality Reference Protein for Normal Humans. (IOM 2002)
EAR (estimated average requirement): the intake that meets the estimated nutrient needs of half of the individuals in a group.
RDA (recommended dietary allowance): the intake that meets the nutrient need of almost all (97.5%) of individuals in a group.
Value for infants in the first half-year of life is the adequate intake estimate determined in that population that appears to sustain a defined nutritional status, including growth rate, normal circulating nutrient values, and other functional indicators of health. This value is not equivalent to an RDA.

Data from FNB/IOM. Proteins and amino acids. In: Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2002, with permission.

57
Q

Criteria for valid nitrogen balance measurement of protein requirements

A

Caloric intake must match caloric requirement

An appropriate stabilization period must precede each measurement

Periods on the same diets must be long enough to establish a stable response to the dietary change

Degree of depletion of the subject must be taken into account

No infections, even of seemingly mild degree, can be present

Variations in daily physical activity must be minimal

Fluid intake must be controlled

Correction must be made for integumental and miscellaneous losses

Subjects should not be anxious or otherwise disturbed

Protein intake must be precisely monitored

Urine collections must be precisely timed and complete

Fecal collections must be complete and very well homogenized before a sample is taken for analysis

58
Q

What factors that influence protein requirements are accounted for by the RDA?

A
  • Physiological state: growth, pregnancy, lactation, elderly, etc.
  • Body weight
59
Q

What factors that influence protein requirements are not accounted for by the RDA?

A
  • Infections, fevers, burns, surgical trauma, accidents, etc.
  • Muscular activity, exercise
60
Q

What two methods are used to access AA requirements?

A

1) Nitrogen balance

2) Isotopic tracer methods

61
Q

Isotopic tracer methods include what 3 things?

A

Direct amino acid oxidation (DAAO)
Indicator amino acid Oxidation (IAAO)
Indicator amino acid oxidation and balance (IAAO/IAAB)

62
Q

What classical method is used to access AA’s

Nitrogen balance studies with diets containing adequate total protein and all amino acids except the one being studied (the test amino acid)

A

Nitrogen Balance Method

  • eat everything you want except the AA you want to test
63
Q

In which test is the:

Amino acid is fed at graded levels and nitrogen balance is calculated

  • Problems similar to those associated with nitrogen
    balance studies
A

Nitrogen Balance Method

64
Q

True or False:

The body can synthesize protein if you don’t have all the AA’s

A

False

65
Q

True or False:

In the Nitrogen Balance diet, you basically have to follow a chemical diet because its hard to isolate one AA because they are present in many foods

A

True

66
Q

Is Histidine an essential or non-essential AA?

A

Essential

67
Q

What are sources of histidine in the body which may provide histidine to achieve nitrogen balance on a histidine-free diet

A
  • Carnosine (beta-alanyl histidine)
  • Anserine (beta-alanyl-1-methyl histidine)
  • Balenine (beta-alanyl-3-methyl histidine)
  • All of the above a di-peptides
  • Hemoglobin
68
Q

Why did it take a long time to determine that Histidine is an essential AA?

A

It is hard to become deficient in it because it is found in large amounts of muscle and hemoglobin.

69
Q

What is the name of the following methods that is:

Based on the concept that amino acids in excess of amounts needed for protein synthesis are oxidized by the body

A

Direct amino acid oxidation (DAAO) method

70
Q

Direct amino acid oxidation (DAAO) method

A

In this method, the oxidation rate of an amino acid is measured as graded (ie, increasing) dietary intakes of that amino acid are consumed.

71
Q

What are the stable isotopes used for the DAAO methods?

A

13C-Phenylalanine and 13C-Leucine

-The carbon that is labeled is that of the carboxyl group: -13COOH

72
Q

In the DAAO methods how is the lelvel of oxidation measured?

A

-By feeding an isotopically labeled amino acids and then calculating the amount of labeled carbon dioxide exhaled by the subjects

The inflection (break point) in the oxidation curve represents the physiological requirement

73
Q

In the DAAO method the level of oxidation with increasing intake is plotted on a _______

A

graph

74
Q

In the DAAO methods, the inflection in the oxidation curve represents the __________ requirement?

A

Physiological

75
Q

In the DAAO method, The inflection in the oxidation curve represents the physiological requirement is also known as the ___________

A

Break point

76
Q

Where is a tracer (i.e. carbon 13) placed on an AA?

A

Carboxyl group

77
Q

In the DAAO method:

If the body oxidizes the AA, then the carbon exhaled as _____.

A

CO2 via the breathe

Thus, we can determine how much of that AA was oxidized

78
Q

The breakpoint indicated the _________

A

requirement

79
Q

DAAO

A

f an AA that is tagged is low in the diet, then oxidation levels will remain low. When there is extra of the AA in the diet then there will be a lot of oxidation

80
Q

What is the following method described to determine AA requirements?

Based on the hypothesis that the partition of any indispensable amino acid between oxidation and protein synthesis is sensitive to the level of the most limiting amino acid in the diet.

When an indispensable amino acid is limiting for protein synthesis, then all other amino acids are in excess and, therefore, must be oxidized

A

IAAO (Indicator AA oxidation_

81
Q

Advantages of IAAO

A
  • Does not require prior adaptation to diet

- May be applied to a number of different amino acids

82
Q

Indicator is the same, but the AA being tested is not the one that is labeled

A

IAAO

83
Q

IAAO

A

Oxidation of the tagged AA is high. As we add the AA we want to test, the oxidation of the tagged AA will decrease.

84
Q

DAAO and IAAO have the same inflection point, but there graphs are different.

A

_______/ = DAAO

\_______ = IAAO

85
Q

An example of an indicator is

A

CO2

86
Q

In IAAO, Indicators are located on which axis?

A

y-axis

87
Q

In IAAO, the test AA is located on which axis?

A

x-axis

88
Q

Hadaad Notes

A

In the IAAO technique, the amino acid that is being tested is different than the amino acid that is labeled. The amino acid that is being tested is called the “test amino acid” and the amino acid that is isotopically labeled is called the “indicator amino acid”

The level of oxidation of the “indicator amino acid” is measured by measuring 13C02 that is exhaled
The IAAO technique is based on the concept that when one essential amino acid is deficient for protein synthesis, then all other amino acids (including the indicator amino acid (usually 13Cphenylalanine) are in excess and are therefore oxidized.

Once the requirement is met for the amino acid being tested, there will be no further change in the oxidation of the indicator amino acid

The inflection point where the oxidation of the indicator amino acid stops decreasing and reaches a plateau is referred to as the “breakpoint”

The breakpoint indicates the requirement

89
Q

Define Breakpoint

A

The inflection point where the oxidation of the indicator amino acid stops decreasing and reaches a plateau

90
Q

Slide 26 Graph in Ppt.

A

Phenylalanine stays constant above the dietary requirement threonine, but as Threonine decreases the phenylalanine increases (becomes more oxidized)

This happens, because as we limit Threonine it also decreases our ability to synthesize protein and causes the excess amino acids to be oxidized (such as Phe)

91
Q

24-hour indicator amino acid oxidation and balance (24h-IAAO and 24h-IAAB)

A

This method uses intravenous isotope infusion for 24 hours and involved collection of breath and blood samples for measurement of both (1) oxidation, and (2) plasma enrichment of the isotope

92
Q

What two things does the 24h-IAAO and 24h-IAAB measure?

A
  • oxidation

- plasma enrichment of the isotope

93
Q

Amino acid balance calculated as the difference between intake and oxidation at different time points.

What method is this?

A

24h-IAAO and 24h-IAAB

94
Q

24h-IAAO

A

24 hour Indicator Amino Acid Oxidation

95
Q

24h-IAAB

A

24 hour Indicator Amino Acid Balance

96
Q

True or False:

Indispensable amino acid requirements determined by isotopic methods are higher than those of the US DRI or the FAO/WHO/UNU

A

True

97
Q

True or False

The requirements for indispensable amino acids is also higher in infants and young children compared to adults

A

True

98
Q

What does IDAA stand for?

A

Indispensable AA’s

99
Q

What its the percent IDAA for infants?

A

43%

100
Q

Infants must have the highest quality of protein containing the essential AA’s (IDAA)

A

True

101
Q

In regards to IDAA’s both quality and _______ are important.

A

Amount (quantity)

102
Q

Indispensable AA’s are also known as

A

Essential AA’s

-Unable to be made in the body

Advanced Nutrition: Proteins, Vitamins, and Minerals (3 decks)

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