protein electrophoretogram Flashcards

(52 cards)

1
Q

Fraction: Pre-albumin

A

prealbumin

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2
Q

Function: pre-albumin

A
  • Transport protein for thyroid hormones (transthyretin)
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3
Q

Pos or neg APR: Pre-Albumin

A

Neg (decreases during inflammation)

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4
Q

Condition(s) in which it ↓: Pre-Albumin

A

Malnutrition (sensitive marker of protein nutritional status)

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5
Q

Fraction: Albumin

A

Albumin

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6
Q

Function: Albumin

A
  1. Maintains fluid balance between blood and interstitial fluid by contributing 80% of colloidal osmotic (oncotic) pressure of intravascular fluid
  2. Transports insoluble substances in blood
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7
Q

Pos or Neg APR: Albumin

A

neg (decreases in inflammation)

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8
Q

Condition(s) in which it ↓: Albumin

A
  • Decreased synthesis (malnutrition, liver failure, acute inflammation or infection (Neg APR))
  • Increased loss (nephrotic syndrome)
  • Causes edema when serum Alb is < 2.5 g/dL Edema: excessive accumulation of interstitial fluid
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9
Q

Conditions in which it ↑ if applicable: Albumin

A

dehydration

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10
Q

Fraction: alpha-1-antitrypsin

A

alpha 1

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11
Q

Function: alpha-1-antitrypsin

A
  • major protein of ⍺1 fraction
  • A trypsin inhibitor that prevents over-catabolism of structural protein in the lung
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12
Q

Pos or neg APR: alpha-1-antitrypsin

A

Pos (increases during inflammation)

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13
Q

Condition(s) in which it ↓ if applicable: alpha-1-antitrypsin

A
  • in congenital alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency
  • Causes pulmonary emphysema
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14
Q

Fraction: alpha-1-fetoprotein

A

alpha 1

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15
Q

Function: alpha-1-fetoprotein

A
  • principal fetal protein
  • synthesized by developing embryo & fetal liver
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16
Q

Condition(s) in which it ↓ if applicable: alpha-1-fetoprotein

A
  • Decrease in maternal blood: Down Syndrome
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17
Q

Conditions in which it ↑: alpha-1-fetoprotein

A
  • Increased in maternal blood: spinal bifida, or open neural tube defect
  • If present in adult serum: hepatocellular carcinoma, germ cell tumors (ie. testicular cancer)
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18
Q

Fraction: Haptoprotein

A

alpha 2

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19
Q

Function: Haptoglobin

A
  • A glycoprotein and a major component of ⍺2 fraction
  • Binds free Hgb (but not Mgb) during intravascular hemolysis
  • HAP-Hgb complex cleared by reticulo-endothelial cells (prevents renal loss of Hgb)
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20
Q

Pos or Neg APR: Haptoglobin

A

Pos (increased during inflammation, infection, or malignancy)

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21
Q

Condition(s) in which it ↓: Haptoglobin

A

Decreased in intravascular hemolysis → sensitive indicator of intravascular hemolysis

22
Q

Fraction: alpha-2-macroglobulin

23
Q

Function: alpha-2-macroglobulin

A
  • A major component of ⍺2 fraction
  • The largest non-immunoglobulin protein in plasma
  • Is a protease inhibitor, inhibits variety of proteinases (trypsin, thrombin, kallikrein & plasmin)
24
Q

Conditions in which it ↑: alpha-2-macroglobulin

A

– Increased: in nephrotic syndrome, Increased synthesis to maintain oncotic pressure due to loss in albumin

25
Fraction: ceruloplasmin
alpha 2
26
Function: Ceruloplasmin
- Is a Cu transport protein, binds 90% of body copper (Cu), prevents its deposition in organs - Also a Cu-containing oxidase enzyme Regulates Fe absorption, transport & utilization by oxidizing Fe2+ to Fe3+ (only Fe3+ can bind to transferrin & be stored in ferritin)
27
Pos or neg APR: ceruloplasmin
Pos (increases during inflammation)
28
Condition(s) in which it ↓: ceruloplasmin
- Menkes syndrome (congenital, kinky hair Dz) Impaired intestinal absorption of Cu2+, Serum Cu2+ ↓ - Wilson’s Dz (congenital, Kayser-Fleischer rings) Cu2+ cannot be incorporated into Cp → toxic deposits of Cu2+ in tissues → damage, esp liver & brain Serum Cu2+ ↓, urine Cu2+ ↑ & biopsy liver Cu2+ positive
29
Fraction: transferrin
beta
30
Function: transferrin
The major component of the β fraction Transports Fe3+ to bone marrow, liver, & RE cells for storage by ferritin
31
Pos or neg APR: transferrin
Neg (decreases in inflammation)
32
Conditions in which it ↑: transferrin
Iron deficiency anemia (compensatory mechanism to enhance Fe absorption)
33
Fraction: beta-2-microglobulin
beta
34
Function: beta-2-microglobulin
- A light chain of the MHC (major histocompatibilit y complex) found on the surface of most nucleated cells; esp. high on lymphocytes - Functions to present Ags to cytotoxic T lymphocytes
35
Condition(s) in which it ↓: Beta-2-microglobulin
* increased cellular destruction (leukemia, MM, or renal transplant rejection) → urine levels also increase * Renal failure (↓ GFR) → urine levels ↓
36
Conditions in which it ↑: Beta-2-microglobulin
Decrease (often normal) in blood but increased in urine Suggests renal tubular Dz (↓ reabsorbed & catabolized by RTE)
37
Fraction: Complement proteins, C3 & C4
beta
38
Function: Complement proteins, C3 & C4
identify, destroy and remove foreign pathogens and damaged ‘self’ materials
39
Pos or Neg APR: Complement Proteins, C3 & C4
Pos (increase during inflammation + certain types of cancer)
40
Condition(s) in which it ↓: Complement proteins, C3 & C4
- Autoimmune disease (lupus, rheumatologic) - Recurrent infection (usually bacterial) - Others: immune complex-induced renal Dzs
41
Fraction: fibrinogen
beta-gamma interzone
42
Function: fibrinogen
Functions in thrombosis
43
Pos or Neg APR: fibrinogen
Pos (increases during inflammation)
44
Condition(s) in which it ↓: fibrinogen
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
45
Fraction: C-reactive protein
- Involved in innate immunity by activating complement → enhances phagocytosis of bacteria & fungi - is the most sensitive APR, compared to other APRs (HAP & C3,C4), it rises the fastest & highest
46
Pos or Neg APR: C-reactive protein
Pos (increased during inflammation)
47
Conditions in which it ↑: C-Reactive Protein
``` Infection or inflammation (a key inflammatory marker)- CRP test Cardiovascular Dz (a marker for cardiovascular Dz risk)- hs-CRP (high sensitive) ```
48
Fraction: Immunoglobulins
gamma
49
Function: immunoglobulins
Produced by plasma cells in blood & lymph in response to infection
50
Pos or Neg APR: Immunoglobulins
Pos
51
Condition(s) in which it ↓: Immunoglobulins
immunodeficiency: congenital or acquired (HIV)
52
Conditions in which it ↑: Immunoglobulins
- Polyclonal gammopathy → broad peak o Infection or chronic inflammatory conditions - Monoclonal gammopathy → single sharp peak o Multiple Myeloma: IgG, IgA, IgM rare o Waldenstrom’s macroglobuline mia: IgM