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MCM- Exam 2 > Protein Processing > Flashcards

Protein Processing Flashcards

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1
Q

What is DNA to RNA called

A

Transcription

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2
Q

What is RNA to protein called

A

Translation

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3
Q

What is the start codon

A

AUG; methionine

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4
Q

What are the four different mutations

A

Silent
Missense
Nonsense
Frameshift

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5
Q

What does a silent mutation cause

A

does not change the AA

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6
Q

What does a missense mutation cause

A

Changes AA in the protein, with either positive or negative effect

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7
Q

What does a nonsense mutation cause

A

Codon changes into a stop codon; and the protein is truncated

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8
Q

What does a frameshift mutation cause

A

One or more nucleotides are deleted or inserted

Change the codon and the rest of the codons in the sequence

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9
Q

What is the AA mutation in Sickle Cell Anemia

A

Missense mutation of Glutamic Acid to Valine

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10
Q

What is Sickle Cell Anemia

A

Aggregate and form rigid, rod-like structures in the RBC’s.

RBC’s have poor oxygen capacity and tend to clog capillaries

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11
Q

What is the mutation in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

A

Frameshift

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12
Q

What is the worst mutation in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

A

Out-of-Frame shift

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13
Q

What does the mRNA have on its 5’ side

A

7-methlyguanosine cap

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14
Q

What does the mRNA have on its 3’ side

A

Poly-A Tail

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15
Q

What does the Poly-A Tail do

A

Protect the mRNA from degradation

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16
Q

What does the 7-methyl guanosine cap do

A

Protection

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17
Q

What is the translator from mRNA to Amino Acids

A

tRNA

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18
Q

What is an Aminoacyl tRNA

A

A tRNA with an Amino Acid

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19
Q

What does an Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase do

A

catalyze the addition of AMP to COOH end of the Amino Acid; brings the correct tRNA to the mRNA to form peptide bonds

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20
Q

What is the make up of a Eukaryote Ribosome

A

60S Large Unit

40S Small Unit

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21
Q

What is the make up of a Prokaryotic RIbosome

A

50S Large unit

30S Small Unit

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22
Q

What is the A site of the Ribosome Complex

A

The acceptor site where new tRNA come in to elongate the peptide

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23
Q

What is the P site of the Ribosome Complex

A

Where Methionine binds to begin translation

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24
Q

What is the E site of the Ribosome Complex

A

Where the tRNA translocates out of the complex so that more can come in

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25
What is the first step of Initiation
The 40S sub-unit binds Methionine
26
What is the Elongation step
tRNA's bind at the A site and then translocate to the P site, to form a peptide bond between the AA's
27
What are the stop codons
UAA, UAG, and UGA
28
What is the Termination Step
The peptide Chain is cleaved from the ribosomal complex. The release factors bind to the A site and cleave the ester bond between the C terminus of the polypeptide and the tRNA. GTP Hydrolysis splits the 60S and 40S sub-units
29
What do Polysomes do
Make protein synthesis more efficient
30
What does Streptomycin Binds
The 30S subunit to disrupt the initiation of translation
31
What does Shiga Toxin Bind
The 60S subunit to disrupt elongation
32
What do Clindamycin and Erythromycin bind
the 50S subunit to disrupt translocation of the ribosome
33
What do Tetracyclines bind
The 30S Subunit to disrupt elongation
34
Where is Peptidyl transferase housed
In the large subunits
35
What does the Diptheria Toxin Bind
Inactivates EF2-GTP and inhibits elongation
36
What are the Prokaryotic Elongation Inhibitors
Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol, Clindamycin, Erythromycin, and Streptomycin
37
What does Chloramphenicol do
inhibits peptidyl transferase in Prokaryotes
38
What are the Eukaryotic Elongation Inhibitors
Cycloheximide, Diptheria Toxin, Shiga Toxin
39
What does Cycloheximide do
Inhibits peptidyl transferase in Eukaryotes
40
What is an Elongation inhibitor
Puromycin
41
What does an Elongation Inhibitor do
Causes premature chain termination in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
42
What are the two protein sorting pathways
Cytoplasmic and Secretory
43
Where does the Cytoplasmic pathway go
Cytosol, Mitochondria, Nucleus, and Peroxisomes
44
Where does the Secretory Pathway go
ER, lysosome, plasma membrane, or for secretion
45
What is the tag for the cytoplasmic pathway
Nothing
46
What is the tag for the mitochondria
N terminal hydrophobic alpha-helix
47
What are the two transporters inside the Mitochondria
TIM and TOM; the transporter of the inner membrane and the transporter of the outer membrane. Have to go through TOM, not necessarily TIM
48
What protects the proteins going into the Mitochondria
Heat Shock Proteins 70
49
What is the tag for large proteins into the Nucleus
Four continuous basic residues (Lys and Arg)
50
How are the proteins imported into the Nucleus
Nuclear Pores
51
How do small proteins pass into the Nucleus
Small proteins able to pass through specific pores
52
What is the tag for Secretory pathway
N-Terminal Positive Charge; to go to the ER
53
What is the tag for the ER Protein
K-Lysine, D-Aspartic Acid, E-Glutamic Acid, L-Leucine
54
What is the tag for Lysosomal Proteins
Mannose-6-phosphate
55
What is the tag for Membrane Proteins
N Terminal apolar region
56
What is the tag for proteins that get secreted through the Secretory Pathway
Tryptophan Domain
57
What is a signal recognition particle
binds to the ER-targeting signal and the ribosome during translation
58
What does the SRP do
wraps itself around ribosome-mRNA-peptide complex, tethering it to the ER membrane and halting translation temporarily
59
Why does the SRP halt translation
To Post-Translationaly alter the protein towards their final destination
60
What is I-Cell disease
Tagging of lysosomal proteins with Mannose 6-P is defective
61
What happens in I-Cell disease
The lysosome cant get the proteins necessary to breakdown stuff Just pretty much fucks you up
62
What do chaperone proteins do
Help fold larger protein
63
Post Translation Modifications (4) | PTM
Acetylation Glycosylation Phosphorylation Disulfide Bonds
64
What is Acetylation PTM
Covalent Linkage to Amine; happens to Lysine HATs and HDACs
65
What is Glycolysation PTM
O-Glycolysation; Hydroxyl bond, Serine and Threonine N-Glycolysation; Acid Amide bond, Asparagine and Glycine, Asparagine mostly
66
What is Phosphorylation PTM
Phosphate linked via esterification; Serin, Tyrosine, Threonine, Asparagine, and Histidine Kinase adds Phosphatase detracts
67
What is Disulfide Bond PTM
Oxidation to achieve covalent linkage of Cysteine residues; Cysteine Inter or Intra molecular
68
What is Alzheimers Disease
Beta-Amyloid Plaque build up extracellularly | Hyperphosphorylation of Tau forming neurofibrillary tangles intracellularly
69
What is Parkinson's Disease
Aggregation of alpha-synuclein forming Lewy bodies in dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra Dopamine deficiency
70
What is Huntington's Disease
Mutation in the Huntington Gene results in expansion of CAG triplet repeats; resulting in polyglutamine repeats Misfold and aggregate Selective death of cells in basal ganglia cause symptoms
71
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Spongiform Encephalopathy Caused by misfolding proteins, called prions Transmissable

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