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protein synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

what did Garrod suggest genes coded for?

A

enzymes

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2
Q

according to garrod, what accounted for symptoms of inherited diseases?

A

if a person lacked a particular enzyme

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3
Q

what did Beadle and Tatum work with?

A

mutants of red bread mold called Neurospora

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4
Q

what did Beadle and Tatum discover?

A

wild type could grow on minimal media
however, 3 auxotrophs could not survive on minimal media because they had a mutated gene that coded for a particular enzyme in a metabolic pathway to make arginine as the final product

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5
Q

what are auxotroph?

A

mutant strains

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6
Q

what hypothesis came from Beadle and Tatum?

A

one gene, one enzyme hypothesis

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7
Q

what was Beadle and Tatum’s hypothesis changed to? why?

A

one gene, one protein
to account for the fact that not all genes code for enzymes, but all genes do code for proteins

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8
Q

what is the bridge between DNA and protein synthesis?

A

RNA

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9
Q

3 differences between RNA and DNA

A

RNA has ribose, not deoxyribose
RNA has uracil, not thymine
RNA is single stranded in protein synthesis

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10
Q

what does transcription involve?

A

using DNA as a template to build mRNA which gets modified before leaving the nucleus to a ribosome

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11
Q

what happens once mRNA is at the ribosome?

A

translation can begin

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12
Q

in what “language” is DNA/RNA written in?

A

5 nucleotides

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13
Q

in what “language” is protein written in?

A

20 amino acids

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14
Q

what happens in translation?

A

language of DNA/RNA is translated into language of protein
amino acids are linked to form protein

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15
Q

how much of DNA is used in the making of mRNA?

A

one half

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16
Q

nucleotide triplet

A

codon

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17
Q

what is de-coded into an amino acid?

A

a codon

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18
Q

how is genetic code universal?

A

its shared by everything from most bacteria to plants and animals

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19
Q

what does the shared language of genes show?

A

provides evidence of of a common ancestor of all modern organisms

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20
Q

since genetic code is the same in all organisms, what can we do with it?

A

insert human genes into bacteria and make many important proteins from medical uses like insulin (HGH- human growth hormone)

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21
Q

what is the enzyme responsible for pulling DNA apart and bring in RNA nucleotides?

A

RNA polymerase

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22
Q

what are the three types of RNA?

A

mRNA - messenger
tRNA - transfer
rRNA - ribosomal

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23
Q

what is each type of RNA built by?

A

a different RNA polymerase

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24
Q

what three parts is transcription split into?

A

initiation
elongation
termination

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25
what does transcription begin with?
a collection of proteins called transcription factors binding to the TATA box on the DNA molecule
26
where and what is the TATA box?
is in the promoter region of the DNA molecule and it is where the RNA polymerase (II) will bind
27
in which direction does RNA polymerase move along the DNA molecule?
3 to 5 so that mRNA can grow in its 5 to 3 direction
28
what happens to DNA after RNA polymerase moves past a region of the DNA molecule?
it reforms back into a double helix
29
how many RNA polymerases are there working on a DNA molecule at a time?
several
30
why are there many RNA polymerases?
to increase the number of mRNA molecules being made
31
when does RNA polymerase continue to add RNA nucelotides?
until it transcribes a terminator - UAA/UAG/UGA AND mRNA is cut free from the enzyme
32
before mRNA can leave the nucleus, what happens to it?
it gets modified/RNA processing
33
what does the 5' end of mRNA get?
5' cap made up of modified guanine and 3 phosphates
34
what does the 3' end of mRNA have?
poly (A) tail made of 20-200 adenine
35
what is the function of adding the "cap and tail" molecules to the end of mRNA?
to protect the mRNA from getting broken down by enzymes and it helps the mRNA attach itself to a ribosome
36
what enzyme modifies mRNA?
spliceosome
37
what does spliceosome do?
RNA splicing- a cut and past job of the mRNA molecule, cutting the noncoding stretches of nucleotides
38
noncoding segments that do not code for amino acids
introns
39
coding segments
exons (expressed)
40
what pastes together the coding segments?
spliceosome
41
what is ribosome made of?
large subunit and small subunit rRNA and proteins
42
when is the ribosome functional?
when 2 subunits come together when mRNA arrives
43
how many binding sites does mRNA have?
3 binding sites for tRNA - EPA
44
P site
Peptidyl-tRNA binding site holds the growing protein
45
A site
Aminoacyl-tRNA binding site holds the tRNA bearing the next amino acid
46
E site
exit site "empty" tRNA exits from ribosome
47
what is the function of tRNA?
transfer amino acids from cytoplasm to a ribosome
48
how many amino acids are within the cytoplasm of the cell?
20
49
are tRNA molecules identical?
no
50
laid out, what is the shape of tRNA? natural configuration?
upside down clove leaf, upside down L
51
anitcodon
segment located on one side of the tRNA which varies
52
what will the anitcodon bind to?
mRNA's codons according to the base pairing rules
53
where do specific amino acids bind to on tRNA?
3' end
54
how many tRNA's are there?
45
55
why are there 45 tRNA instead of 61?
Wobble Effect - anticodons can recognize 2 or more different codons as 3rd base of codon is not very strict
56
what does the wobble effect explain?
why synonymous codons for a given amino acids can differ in their 3rd base, but usually not in their other bases
57
what are the three stages of translation?
initiation, elongation, and termination
58
what do the stages of translation require?
all three require transcription factors and two need a molecule to energize named GTP (guanine triphosphate)
59
what does initiation in translation do?
brings together mRNA, tRNA bearing the first amino acid of the polypeptide, and eventually 2 subunits of ribosome
60
what is the start codon on mRNA?
AUG
61
what is the anticodon of the start codon on mRNA?
UAC
62
what bond do the codon and anticodon form?
weak H bond
63
what does tRNA bring for the start codon?
amino acid methionine
64
once the start codon is initiated what happens?
the large ribosomal subunit completes the initiation complex, then the tRNA that brought Met is in the P site of the ribosome and is ready to accept the next tRNA bearing an amino acid in the A site
65
when does the large subunit come in?
only after the first tRNA brings in an amino acid
66
where does the first tRNA start?
immediately in the P site, not A
67
what happens in elongation in translation?
next tRNA comes to the A site where its anticodon forms a hydrogen bond with codon of mRNA and a covalent bond forms between the amino acid in the P site and the newly arrives amino acid in the A site
68
what does the formation of the peptide bond do?
moves the growing polypeptide chain to the newly arrived tRNA, which then causes the tRNA in the P site to translocate to the E site and the tRNA in the A site to the P site and cycle repeats
69
when does the elongation of the growing polypeptide stop?
until a stop codon (UAA, UAG, UGA) is encountered on mRNA
70
what happens once a stop codon is encountered?
a protein called release factor frees the polypeptide (the primary level of protein) and the ribosome, mRNA, and tRNA complex breaks apart
71
how long does the translation process take?
less than a minute
72
what is a string of ribosomes making proteins called?
polyribosomes
73
how many ribosomes are translating the same message at the same time?
many
74
what happens once a polypeptide is made?
it begins to spontaneously fold into secondary and tertiary structures with the aid of chaperonins proteins
75
after the folding of a polypeptide, what happens next?
other attachments may be made like glycoproteins and lipoproteins or quaternary structures can be made
76
what are the two types of ribosome?
free and bound
77
free ribosome
in cytosol mostly make proteins that remain in the cytosol and function there
78
bound ribosome
attached to ER make proteins of the endomembrane system (nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles, and plasma membrane) and proteins that get secreted from cell
79
where does translation begin on?
always a free ribosome and the growing peptide may signal the ribosome to attach to the ER
80
what happens when a ribosome attaches to the ER?
protein usually goes to cisternal space of ER to get folded and eventually secreted
81
4 types of mutation
Polyploidy - entire set Nondisjunction - a whole chromosome Segment of Chromosome Point
82
what are point mutations?
mutation that are changes in just one or a few bases
83
sickle cell anemia
mutation of one base pair that codes for hemoglobin
84
base pair substitution
replacing 1 nucleotide and its partner with another pair of nucleotides
85
three types of base pair substitutions
silent missense nonsense
86
silent base pair mutation
codes for the same amino acid
87
missense base pair mutation
codes for a different amino acid
88
nonsense base pair mutation
codes for a stop
89
insertions and deletion mutations
addition or loss of one or more nucleotide pairs
90
frameshift causing extensive missense
one nucleotide lost or gained changes every amino acid after it
91
frameshift causing immediate nonsense
one nucleotide lost or gained that codes for a stop
92
insertion or deletion of 3 nucleotides, no extensive frameshift
loss or gain of one amino acid
93
mutations caused by an outside/ environmental factors
mutagens
94
examples of mutagens
physical and chemical agents like plastic, burnt, charred meat, red meat, BPA, cell phone

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