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protein synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

_______ for diabetic patients can be synthesized by bacteria that have undergone recombinant DNA process

A

insulin

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2
Q

The final phase of translation where the amino acid chain is released from the ribosome

A

termination

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3
Q

A gene mutation where a nucleotide is removed from a gene

A

deletion

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4
Q

______ bonds form between the nitrogenous bases in the DNA molecule

A

hydrogen

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5
Q

Unlike DNA, RNA is a ______- stranded molecule

A

single

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6
Q

The process of creating an mRNA strand from a DNA molecule

A

transcription

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7
Q

The shape of the DNA molecule

A

double helix

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8
Q

Something that can get DNA from one species into the cells of another species (e.g. a virus)

A

vector

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9
Q

Any factor which causes a mutation is called a ______

A

mutagen

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10
Q

A gene mutation where one nucleotide is replaced by a different nucleotide

A

substitution

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11
Q

DNA and RNA are both types of _____ ______

A

nucleic acids

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12
Q

If a DNA strand read GATGGCTCA, the complimentary DNA strand would read ________

A

CTACCGAGT

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13
Q

This type of RNA is used in the ribosome during protein synthesis

A

rRNA

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14
Q

The process of DNA making copies of itself

A

replication

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15
Q

The first phase of translation where the mRNA and first tRNA join up with the small ribosomal subunit is called _____

A

initiation

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16
Q

DNA is found in the _______ of eukaryotic cells

A

nucleus

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17
Q

Many ribosomes can be translating a single mRNA strand at the same time - this unit is called a ______

A

polysome

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18
Q

The enzyme that adds nucleotides to the growing strand during transcription

A

RNA polymerase

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19
Q

A nitrogenous base with a double ring structure

A

purine

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20
Q

Proteins that associate with DNA to form chromosomes

A

histones

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21
Q

The enzyme that “unzips” the DNA strand during replication

A

helicase

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22
Q

A DNA subunit made up of three components

A

nucleotide

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23
Q

The three letter sequence on tRNA that is complimentary to an mRNA codon

A

anticodon

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24
Q

This type of RNA delivers amino acids to the ribosomes

A

tRNA

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25
Chromosomal ______ occur when entire portions of chromosomes are removed
deletions
26
A change to the base-pair sequence of a DNA molecule
mutation
27
A chromosomal mutation where a piece of chromosome is “flipped”
inversion
28
Proteins are made up of chains of ______ strung together
amino acids
29
This type of RNA brings the instructions from the DNA molecule to the ribosomes
mRNA
30
DNA is made up of many repeating subunits and is therefore referred to as being a _______
polymer
31
Replication of the DNA molecule is considered to be a _______ process because each daughter strand contains half “old DNA” and half “new DNA”
semi-conservative
32
The reading of an mRNA strand by a ribosome to make a protein is called _______
translation
33
UV light and X-rays are examples of _____ mutagens
radiation
34
A ______ mutagen affects only one gene
gene
35
HPV is an example of a ______ mutagen
viral
36
A gene mutation where a nucleotide is inserted into a gene
addition
37
A chromosomal mutation where a piece of one chromosome is transferred to another chromosome
translocation
38
RNA contains one nitrogenous base not found in DNA is called _______
uracil
39
A nitrogenous base with a single ring structure
pyrimidine
40
Completed proteins are sent to the _____ ______ for final processing and packaging
golgi apparatus
41
Benzene and dioxins are examples of ______ mutagens
chemical
42
A chromosomal mutation where a portion of a chromosome repeats itself
duplication
43
A mutagen that causes cancer is called a _______
carcinogen
44
_______ mutations occur in the gametes or early on in embryological development
germinal
45
_______ bonds form between adjoining amino acids
peptide
46
The number of purine bases will always equal the number of pyrimidines bases according to _______’s rule
chargaff’s
47
_______ base pairing means that only A will pair with T and only G will pair with C
complementary
48
The amino acid chain is released from the ribosome when a stop codon signals for a ______ ______ to enter the ribosome
release factor
49
A small, circular piece of DNA that can be used to transfer DNA from one species to another species
plasmid
50
A ______ mutation affects many genes because large portions of chromosomes are altered
chromosomal
51
Addition and deletion mutations can cause devastating effects because they cause a _______ ________ where all codons downstream of the mutation are altered
frame shift
52
The enzyme that adds new DNA nucleotides to the growing strand during replication
DNA polymerase
53
The second phase of translation where the amino acid chain grows is called ______
elongation
54
If the DNA strand read GATCCTAA, the mRNA strand transcribed from it would read
CUAGGAUU
55
Strong _____ bonds form between the sugar and phosphate to form the backbone of the molecule
covalent
56
The three letter sequence on mRNA that codes for an amino acid
codon
57
_______ mutations occur in cells after birth
somatic
58
During transcription, the ______ strand of the DNA molecule is used to code for the mRNA molecule
sense
59
Which nucleotides form 2 hydrogen bonds?
Adenine + Thymine
60
Which nucleotides form 3 hydrogen bonds?
Guanine + Cytosine
61
who discovered the DNA double helix in 1953?
Watson and Crick
62
genes always occur in ______
pairs
63
where are genes located?
on the chromosomes of the cell nucleus
64
where are plasmids mostly found?
In bacteria
65
what must happen before a cell can divide?
all of the DNA must be duplicated
66
after DNA replication, what is produced?
two identical DNA molecules
67
describe the process of DNA replication
1. unzipping - enzyme helicase helps the H-bonds break - the DNA double helix unwinds and the two strands of DNA are separate 2. complementary base pairing - new nucleotides from nucleoplasm move in to complementary pair up. 3. H-bonds form - The enzyme DNA polymerase adds new DNA nucleotides to the growing strand 4. adjacent nucleotides bond - sugar-phosphate bonds form between the new nucleotides and the new molecule winds into a double helix
68
RNA is necessary in all organisms for ______ to occur
protein synthesis
69
what do genes do?
they contain instructions that tell your cells to make protein, each gene carries instructions that determine your features (e.g. eye colour)
70
the role of DNA
it controls cellular activities, and holds genetic instructions which are important for reproduction
71
What makes up a nucleotide
Sugar (either deoxyribose or ribose), phosphate, and nitrogenous base
72
what is a gene
genes are the units of inheritance, they are short sections of DNA
73
which ribosome attaches to the mRNA strand during initiation?
small ribosomal subunit
74
which ribosome attaches above the tRNA during initiation?
large ribosomal subunit
75
are all mutations negative?
no, they can be positive and neutral
76
what happens after an mRNA translates a ribosome?
multiple ribosomes can be on one mRNA strand (polysomes), but after, the mRNA is usually broken down and the ribosome dissociates into its large and small subunits
77
an enzyme which can connect two strands of DNA together by forming a bond between the phosphate group of one strand and the deoxyribose group on another.
DNA ligase
78
RNA is the genetic material of some ______
viruses
79
which material could have been the "original' nucleic acid?
RNA
80
where is RNA made?
nucleolus
81
how does rRNA get to the cytoplasm?
by going through the pores of the nuclear envelope
82
where are ribosomes located?
rough ER and throughout the cytoplasm
83
how are ribosomes formed?
2 rRNA subunits combined with a protein
84
how does rRNA help in protein synthesis?
it reads the mRNA codon
85
tRNA carries amino acids from the ______ to a ribosome for protein synthesis
the cytoplasm
86
where does mRNA go after transcription?
it moves from the nucleus into the cytoplasm
87
what does the release factor do?
it binds directly to the stop codon. it causes a water molecule to be added to the end of the polypeptide chain, and the chain separates from the last tRNA
88
which enzyme proof-reads the chain during translation?
RNA polymerase
89
mutations are inheritable... true or false?
true
90
where will the mutation of DNA first be reflected?
in the mRNA copy
91
example of a somatic mutation
cancer
92
example of a germinal mutation
hemophilia, dwarfism, diabetes

biology 12 (7 decks)

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