Proteins 1+2 Flashcards
What are amino acids?
What three groups can they be divided into?
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.
Non-essential: the body is able to produce them.
Conditionally essential: supplemented in the diet for young or compromised animals.
Essential: the body is unable to produce them and they need to be acquired in the diet.
Give examples of non-essential amino acids.
Alanine, asparagine, aspartate, glutamate and serine.
Give examples of conditionally essential amino acids.
Arginine, cysteine, glutamine, glycine, proline, and tyrosine.
Give examples of essential amino acids.
Histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine.
What structure do amino acids have?
They have a central carbon atom, bound with a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, an amino group and a variable side chain.
Amino acids can also act as acids and bases.
How many structure levels do proteins have and what are they called?
4.
Primary, secondary, tertiary, and sometimes quaternary.
What is the function of the primary structure?
The primary sequence of a protein determines its 3D conformation and function.
Changes in the amino acid sequence can severely compromise the ability of the protein to carry out its function.
What is a peptide bond?
This bond is when the carboxyl group of one amino acid reacts with the amino group of another amino acid, forming a peptide bond.
What is the function of the secondary structure?
The secondary structure of a protein describes the local special arrangement of amino acids.
What is the function of the tertiary structure?
This tier describes the overall 3D conformation of the polypeptide chain. Includes how elements of the secondary structures pack together and how R groups interact.
What are three methods of arrangements?
Reversible attractions/repulsions.
Hydrogen bonds.
Hydrophobic & hydrophilic regions form from arrangements from non-polar & polar R groups.
Name three examples of globular proteins.
Enzymes, transport proteins, motor proteins, regulatory proteins & immunoglobulins.
What are globular proteins?
Different segments of the polypeptide chain fold back on each other, generating a more compact shape than is seen with the fibrous proteins.
What is the function of the quaternary structure?
This tier describes the 3D arrangement of subunits in a multi-subunit protein, resulting from specific interactions between the subunits.
What else can amino acids make?
They can make non-protein biomolecules.
For example, hormones, porphyrins, antibiotics, pigments, neurotransmitters, nucleotides & alkaloids.
