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Chemistry > Proteins > Flashcards

Proteins Flashcards

1
Q

What are amino acids

A

The building blocks from which proteins are formed

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2
Q

What functional groups do amino acids contain

A

Contain the amino/amine group(-NH2)
And the carboxyl group(-COOH)

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3
Q

What are proteins

A

Condensation polymers
They are made of amino acid molecules that are linked together by condensation reactions

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4
Q

What happens to amino acids when they undergo condensation reactions

A

The amine group of 1 amino acid and the carboxyl group of another join and water is eliminated (similar to esters)

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5
Q

What is the link that forms during condensation reactions called

A

Peptide/amide link (-CONH)

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6
Q

What are essential amino acids

A

Amino acids that the body cannot make. They have to be supplied by our diet.

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7
Q

What are enzymes

A

Biological catalysts

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8
Q

What is hydrolysis

A

The process of breaking proteins into amino acids

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9
Q

Describe the structure of proteins

A

Long chain molecules that form sheets, spirals and other complex shapes. These shapes give it a specific job.

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10
Q

What happens when a protein is heated

A

Intermolecular bonds are broken allowing the protein to change shape. This is called denaturing (- stops it from being able to do its job)

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11
Q

What functional groups do aldehydes contain

A

Carbonyl functional group (C=O) on the END of the carbon chain
(Name as u would an alkane but with an -al on the end i.e. Propanal)

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12
Q

What functional groups do ketones contain

A

Carbonyl group (C=O)
In the MIDDLE of the carbon chain
For ketones names end in -one (must include carbon number of carbonyl group i.e. Propan-2-one)

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13
Q

What are oxidation reactions

A

An carbon compounds it involves an increase in an increase in oxygen to hydrogen ratio (losing an H or gaining an O)

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14
Q

Describe the oxidising agent hot copper (II) oxide

A

> its weak
changes from black to brown
1• alcohol ~> aldehyde
2• alcohol ~> ketone

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15
Q

Describe the oxidising agent Acidified Dichromate (VI) solutions (K2Cr2O7)

A

> its strong
changes from orange to green
1• alcohol ~> aldehyde ~> carboxylic acid
2• alcohol ~> ketone

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16
Q

Describe the oxidising agent Tollens Reagent

A

> its strong
Colourless solution to silver mirror
1• alcohol ~> aldehyde ~> carboxylic acid

17
Q

Describe the oxidising agent Fehlings solution

A

> its strong
Blue solution to brick red precipitate
1• alcohol ~> aldehyde ~> carboxylic acid

18
Q

Why do foods spoil

A

They contain edible oils which can spoil after being exposed to air
(O2 from air causes food to oxidise - increasing O:H ratio

19
Q

Give an example of what happens when a food spoils

A

When butter spoils its due to the formation of butanoic acid as the butter is hydrolysed - its said to be rancid

20
Q

What do antioxidants do

A

They prevent foods from spoiling too quickly by stopping oxidation reactions from taking place

21
Q

How do antioxidants do their job

A

They are reducing agents and cause other substances to be reduced whilst being oxidised themselves

22
Q

What are essential oils

A

Hydrophobic liquids containing mixtures of volatile aroma compounds that evaporate easily giving distint fragrances

23
Q

How are essential oils extracted

A

From plants via steam distillation
(Look at diagram in booklet)

24
Q

What difficulty is faced when extracting essential oils

A

Obtaining the liquid before it evaporates

25
Q

How do you identify terpenes

A

They are unsaturated compounds thay form by joining isoprene units (therefore contain 5 carbon atoms per unit = isoprenes)

26
Q

What is ultraviolet radiation

A

A high energy form of light present in sunlight

27
Q

What are free radicals

A

Free radicals are atoms and molecules that are highly reactive due to the presence of an unpaired electron

28
Q

How do free radicals form

A

When strong covalent bonds are broken by UV light

29
Q

What three steps are in a free radical chain reaction

A

Initiation
Propagation
Termination

30
Q

What is initiation

A

UV light provides energy for the splitting of diatomic halogen molecule into reactive halogen atoms or free radicals
( Cl2(g) ~> Cl•(g) + •Cl(g) )

31
Q

What is propagation

A

Free radicals collide with other species but the number of free radicals is maintained
( H2(g) + •Cl ~> H•(g) +HCl (g) )
( H•(g) + Cl2(g) ~> HCl(g) + Cl•(g) )

32
Q

What is termination

A

Free radicals are used uo by collision with each other
( H•(g) + •Cl(g) ~> HCl(g)
( H•(g) + •H(g)

Chemistry (5 decks)

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