Proteins

Question 1

How are the 20 most common amino acids classified?

Answer 1

Based on the structure of their side chains.

Question 2

What does the ‘R’ group in amino acids represent?

Answer 2

The side chain that differs for each amino acid.

Question 3

What is the structure of glycine?

Answer 3

Has a hydrogen atom (H) as its R group.

Question 4

What characterizes hydrophobic amino acids?

Answer 4

Non-polar chains that are hydrophobic inside the protein.

Question 5

What type of amino acid is alanine?

Answer 5

Contains a methyl group.

Question 6

What is unique about proline’s structure?

Answer 6

It has different properties due to its unusual structure.

Question 7

What is phenylalanine commonly found in?

Answer 7

Energy drinks.

Question 8

What is the relationship between amino acids and peptide bonds?

Answer 8

Amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds to form proteins.

Question 9

What are the components of nucleotides?

Answer 9

A sugar, base, and phosphate group.

Question 10

What sugar is found in RNA?

Answer 10

Ribose.

Question 11

What sugar is found in DNA?

Answer 11

Deoxyribose.

Question 12

What is the function of keratin?

Answer 12

Structural protein.

Question 13

What is hemoglobin’s role?

Answer 13

Transport protein.

Question 14

What type of proteins are insulin and growth hormone?

Answer 14

Hormonal proteins.

Question 15

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

Answer 15

DNA to RNA to Protein.

Question 16

What is non-coding DNA?

Answer 16

DNA that does not produce protein.

Question 17

What is the difference between proteins and polypeptides?

Answer 17

Proteins are larger and can fold into functional structures.

Question 18

What is the primary structure of proteins?

Answer 18

A chain of amino acids.

Question 19

What is the secondary structure of proteins?

Answer 19

Includes alpha helices and beta sheets.

Question 20

What determines the properties of amino acids?

Answer 20

The R group (side chain).

Question 21

What is the significance of chirality in amino acids?

Answer 21

Natural amino acids have the ‘L’ configuration.

Question 22

What is a peptide bond?

Answer 22

A covalent bond formed by a condensation reaction.

Question 23

What influences protein folding?

Answer 23

Hydrophobic interactions and the arrangement of R groups.

Question 24

What is the hydrophobic effect?

Answer 24

Hydrophobic amino acids cluster inside proteins, avoiding water.

Question 25

What is the quaternary structure of proteins?

Answer 25

Multi-protein assemblies, such as hemoglobin with four subunits.

Question 26

How can a smoker be detected using forensic science?

Answer 26

By analyzing proteins to find drug metabolites in fingerprints.

Question 27

What is an example of a special amino acid?

Answer 27

Cysteine, which can form disulfide bridges.

Question 28

What is the molecular weight of insulin?

Answer 28

5800 daltons.

Question 29

What is the role of enzymes?

Answer 29

Regulatory proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions.

Question 30

What is the size of the human genome compared to parasitic organisms?

Answer 30

Humans have about 25000 genes; parasitic organisms can have 6000 genes.

Question 31

What is the significance of phenylalanine and tyrosine?

Answer 31

Phenylalanine is essential; tyrosine is semi-essential.

Question 32

What is PKU defect?

Answer 32

A genetic condition tested in newborns that can cause intellectual disability.

Question 33

What techniques are used to determine protein structure?

Answer 33

X-ray crystallography and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR).

Question 34

What are glycoproteins?

Answer 34

Proteins with carbohydrate groups attached.

Question 35

What is a prosthetic group in proteins?

Answer 35

A non-polypeptide unit that is tightly and permanently attached to a protein.