Proteins

Question 1

What proteins are in the plasma?

Answer 1

Albumin and globulins (including fibrinogen and clotting factors)

Question 2

Is fibrinogen in serum?

Answer 2

No

Question 3

What are most of the plasma proteins synthesized by?

Answer 3

Hepatocytes

Question 4

What do proteins contribute to?

Answer 4

Colloid oncotic pressure to help maintain intravascular volume

Question 5

What is protein dyscrasia?

Answer 5

Presence of abnormal protein

Question 6

What is dysproteinemia?

Answer 6

Presence of normal proteins at abnormal concentration

Question 7

What is nonselective hyperproteinemia?

Answer 7

All protein concentrations are increased

Question 8

What is selective hyperproteinemia?

Answer 8

Total protein concentration is increased and some protein concentrations are increased more than others

Question 9

What is nonselective hypoproteinemia?

Answer 9

Total protein concentration is decreased and all proteins are decreased

Question 10

What is selective hypoproteinemia?

Answer 10

Total protein concentration is decreased and some protein concentrations are decreased more than others

Question 11

How do you determine if dysproteinemia is selective or nonselective?

Answer 11

Serum electrophoresis

Question 12

What is the most common cause of dysproteinemia?

Answer 12

Other than dehydration, inflammation

Question 13

What are the 3 groups of proteins whose plasma concentrations change during inflammation?

Answer 13

Positive Acute Phase Proteins
Negative APP
Delayed response proteins

Question 14

How can you analyze total protein?

Answer 14

Refractometer

Question 15

How does a refractometer work?

Answer 15

The degree of water refraction in a solution is proportional to the quantity of solids

Question 16

How does a colorimetric work?

Answer 16

The amount of color change is proportional to the amount of protein

Question 17

How do you analyze the albumin concentration?

Answer 17

BCG dye binding reaction: colorimetric

Question 18

How do you determine the globulin concentration?

Answer 18

Total protein - albumin

Question 19

How does serum protein electrophoresis work?

Answer 19

Migration through an acetate cellulose or agarose gel towards the anode
Separate in 4-6 groups of one or more bands

Question 20

What is the most common cause of hyperproteinemia?

Answer 20

Hemoconcentration

Inflammation is a common cause, but it does not always cause it

Question 21

What is hemoconcentration caused by?

Answer 21

Loss of plasma H2O

Question 22

How does B-lymphocyte neoplasia cause increased protein synthesis?

Answer 22

B-lymphocytes may produce immunoglobulin

Question 23

When do hypoproteinemia occur?

Answer 23

When the remaining blood is diluted

Question 24

What are causes of increased loss from vascular space?

Answer 24

Blood loss
Protein Losing Nephropathy 
Protein losing enteropathy
Protein losing dermopathy
Plasma loss

Question 25

What are the lab findings associated with protein losing nephropathy?

Answer 25

Proteinuria, mostly albuminruia Hypoproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia Possible renal failure Possible hypercholsterolemia

Question 26

What are the lab findings associated with protein losing enteropathy?

Answer 26

Hypoproteinemia

Question 27

What are the lab findings associated with protein losing dermopathy?

Answer 27

Nonselective hypoproteinemia

Question 28

What are the lab findings associated with plasma loss?

Answer 28

Nonselective hypoproteinemia

Question 29

What is hypoproteinemia?

Answer 29

Decreased synthesis and/or increased catabolism

Question 30

What are causes of hypoproteinemia?

Answer 30

``` Hepatic insufficiency Malabsorption or maldigestion Cachectic states Lymphoid hypoplasia/aplasia Failure of passive transfer Hemodilution ```

Question 31

What are causes of hyperalbuminemia?

Answer 31

Hemoconcentration (dehydration; decreased ECF) Induced synthesis by glucocorticoid therapy Falsely increased using BCG method

Question 32

What is the most common cause of hyperalbuminemia?

Answer 32

Hemoconcentration

Question 33

What are causes of hypoalbuminemia along with hyperproteinemia?

Answer 33

Inflammatory | Concurrent to B lymphocytes neoplasia

Question 34

What are causes of hypoalbuminemia along with hypoproteinemia?

Answer 34

Decreased production or loss or both

Question 35

What does hyperglobulinemia frequently occur with?

Answer 35

Hyperproteinemia, but it is possible with normoproteinemia due to hypoalbuminemia

Question 36

What are common causes of hyperglobulinemia?

Answer 36

Hemoconcentration Inflammation B lymphocyte neoplasia

Question 37

What is hypoglobulinemia commonly with?

Answer 37

Hypoproteinemia and occasionally with normoproteinemia

Question 38

What are the 2 main causes of hypoglobulinemia?

Answer 38

Decreased production | Loss

Question 39

What can increase APPs?

Answer 39

Any injury that causes inflammation (infectious or noninfectious)

Question 40

Why do you use positive acute phase proteins for evaluation?

Answer 40

Insensitivity of other tests | They provide another method of monitoring inflammation

Question 41

What is fibrinogen?

Answer 41

Plasma protein produced by hepatocytes | Used for production of fibrin by thrombin

Question 42

What are causes of hyperfibrinogenemia?

Answer 42

Hemoconcentration | Inflammation

Question 43

What is the plasma protein to fibrinogen ratio (PP:F)?

Answer 43

Ratio to help differentiate hyperfibrinogenemia of inflammation from hemoconcentration

Question 44

What is the PP:F for cattle?

Answer 44

>15 likely dehydration; <10 likely inflammation

Question 45

What is the PP:F for horses?

Answer 45

>20 likely dehydration; <15 likely inflammation

Question 46

What will dehydration do to APPs?

Answer 46

Increase all proteins at the same degree

Question 47

What will inflammation do to APPs?

Answer 47

increases fibrinogen and other proteins but will also decrease some proteins

Question 48

What samples are preferred for APPs other than fibrinogen?

Answer 48

Serum

Question 49

What APPs use special tests?

Answer 49

``` Serum C-reactive protein Haptoglobin Serum Amyloid A a1-Acid glycoprotein Ceruloplasmin Ferritin ```

Question 50

What is the most common reason to measure Ig?

Answer 50

Determine passive transfer from mares to foals and cows to calves

Question 51

What is failure of passive transfer?

Answer 51

Placentation in horses and calves prevents in utero transfer of Ig

Question 52

How do foals and calves obtain maternal Ig?

Answer 52

They need to ingest colostrum soon after parturition

Question 53

What is Ig uptake mediated by?

Answer 53

Fc receptor on epithelial cells

Question 54

What are causes of FPT?

Answer 54

Lack of colostrum intake Inadequate IgG in the colostrum Failure to absorb and potentially due to different haplotypes of Fc receptors in calves

Question 55

What is considered adequate passive transfer in foals?

Answer 55

IgG >800 mg/dL

Question 56

What is considered complete FPT in foals?

Answer 56

IgG <200 mg/dL

Question 57

What is considered partial FPT in foals?

Answer 57

IgG <800 mg/dL and >200mg/dL

Question 58

What is considered adequate passive transfer for calves?

Answer 58

IgG > 1000-1600 mg/dL

Question 59

What is considered complete FPT in calves?

Answer 59

IgG < 500-800 mg/dL

Question 60

What is considered partial FPT in calves?

Answer 60

IgG <1600 mg/dL and >800 mg/dL

Question 61

What are ways to test for FPT?

Answer 61

Radial immune diffusion (most used) Glutaraldehyde coagulation test Latex agglutination