Proteins and Amino Acids

Question 1

Proteins maintain an ____________ ____________ between plasma and tissue fluids.

Answer 1

Osmotic equilibrium

Question 2

List three functions of proteins.

Answer 2

Immunity, buffers, and structure of connective tissue

Question 3

The three main categories of plasma proteins include ____________, albumin, and globulins (α, β, and y).

Answer 3

Prealbumin

Question 4

Prealbumin is also known as _____________.

Answer 4

Transthyretin

Question 5

What is the function of prealbumin?

Answer 5

Transport for thyroid hormones, and vitamin A

Question 6

Albumin is important for ____________ ___________ __________, due to its high concentration.

Answer 6

Colloidal osmotic pressure

Question 7

True or false: albumin is the protein that is present in the highest concentration in the plasma.

Answer 7

True

Question 8

______________ binds bilirubin, steroids, and fatty acids.

Answer 8

Albumin

Question 9

____________ is the result of low levels of albumin.

Answer 9

Oedema

Question 10

__-_______________ is an enzyme inhibitor, preventing unchecked proteolytic damage of structural protein.

Answer 10

α1-antitrypsin

Question 11

α1-fetoprotein is the principal __________ protein.

Answer 11

Foetal

Question 12

__-______________ transports lipids.

Answer 12

α1-lipoprotein

Question 13

______________, an α2-globulin, binds free [Hb], aiding in the recycling of haem.

Answer 13

Haptoglobin

Question 14

α2-macroglobulins are enzyme inhibitors, halting __________, pepsin, and thrombin, and are increased in renal size, as it is retained, due to its size.

Answer 14

Trypsin

Question 15

List three β-globulins.

Answer 15

Transferrin, fibrinogen, and lipoproteins

Question 16

IgA, IgG, and IgM are examples of ___ globulins.

Answer 16

Gamma

Question 17

___-___________ ________ increased in inflammatory conditions, and is an ‘acute phase reactant’.

Answer 17

C-reactive protein

Question 18

Where is myoglobin found?

Answer 18

Skeletal and cardiac muscle

Question 19

List three scenarios in which myoglobin would be elevated.

Answer 19

Acute myocardial infarction, myopathies, and vigorous exercise

Question 20

List the three proteins that form the troponin complex.

Answer 20

TnT, TnI, and TnC

Question 21

True or false: TnT and TnC are used in diagnosis of AMI.

Answer 21

False

Question 22

______________ is caused by excessive loss, via renal or GI disease, internal bleeding, etc., decreased intake, and oor synthesis, as may be observed in liver disease.

Answer 22

Hypoproteinaemia

Question 23

List a common cause of elevated protein.

Answer 23

Dehydration

Question 24

Globulin fraction is the difference between _________ _________ and albumin.

Answer 24

Total protein

Question 25

What is the reference range for total protein?

Answer 25

60-80 g/L

Question 26

The Kjeldahl method, as a reference method, assesses digestion of protein and measurement of ___________ content.

Answer 26

Nitrogen

Question 27

The Biuret method, used routinely, observes for the formation of violet-coloured chelate between _______ ions and peptide bonds.

Answer 27

Cu++

Question 28

List two common dyes used in protein quantification.

Answer 28

Bromocresol green (BCG) and bromocresol purple (BCP)

Question 29

In dye-binding methods, the pH of the solution is adjusted so that albumin is ___________-charged.

Answer 29

Positively

Question 30

Electrophoresis separates proteins on the basis of their _________ _______.

Answer 30

Electrical charge

Question 31

What pH is the buffer used in protein electrophoresis?

Answer 31

8.6, and proteins are negatively-charged

Question 32

Proteins separate into _______ bands.

Answer 32

Five

Question 33

Name a common stain used in protein electrophoresis.

Answer 33

Coomassie Blue

Question 34

List three applications of protein electrophoresis.

Answer 34

Immunoglobin disorders, α1-antitrypsin deficiency, and liver disease

Question 35

In a capillary electrophoresis system, proteins in serum are separated based on electrophoretic mobility, in a capillary tube containing an _____________.

Answer 35

Electrolyte

Question 36

An ___________________ is similar to densitometric scan.

Answer 36

Electropherogram

Question 37

During salt fractionation, albumin remains in solution and ___________ are precipitated out in high salt concentrations.

Answer 37

Globulins

Question 38

Polyclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies, or oligoclonal antibodies can cause _____________________.

Answer 38

Hypergammaglobulinemia

Question 39

___________ increases occur during recurrent or chronic infection.

Answer 39

Polyclonal

Question 40

Monoclonal increases of hypergammaglobulinaemia are characterised by a single sharp, ___________ band.

Answer 40

Narrow

Question 41

_________ _________ proteins may be found in urine, if they are light chains.

Answer 41

Bence Jones

Question 42

Multiple myeloma is tumour(s) of the _______ ________.

Answer 42

Plasma cells

Question 43

Multiple sclerosis is diagnosed from an increase in ___________ bands in CSF.

Answer 43

Oligoclonal

Question 44

Quantification methods for specific proteins, may use immunochemical methods, such as ________________ or turbidimetric assays.

Answer 44

Nephelometric

Question 45

Changes in protein ______________ may be due to acute phase reactions.

Answer 45

Concentrations

Question 46

______ acts as a non-specific response to inflammation.

Answer 46

APR

Question 47

CRP, C3, C4, and __-___________ may be increased in acute phase reactions.

Answer 47

α-antitrypsin

Question 48

CRP is so-called because of its property of binding to a polysaccharide (_____________ __), from the cell walls of pneumococci.

Answer 48

Fraction C

Question 49

CRP measurement is a more sensitive and specific marker of erythrocyte ______________ rate (ESR).

Answer 49

Sedimentation

Question 50

Outline the two classes of serum enzymes.

Answer 50

Enzymes with a defined function in the blood, such as enzyme of the coagulation system Enzymes that appear due to damage to tissues, or proliferation of the cells from which they arise

Question 51

List two enzymes of diagnostic value.

Answer 51

Alkaline phosphatase, and aspartate aminotransferase

Question 52

Proteinuria can indicate glomerular or ___________ dysfunction.

Answer 52

Tubular

Question 53

_______________ light chains are found in the urine.

Answer 53

Immunoglobulin

Question 54

In proteinuria analysis, the reagent test strip is a ____________ method.

Answer 54

Colourimetric

Question 55

____________ proteinuria analysis is generally performed on a 12- or 24-hour specimen, to account for circadian rhythm.

Answer 55

Quantitative

Question 56

The Folin-Lowry test employs _____-___________ principles.

Answer 56

Dye-binding

Question 57

____________:___________ or protein:creatinine ratios are useful.

Answer 57

Albumin:creatinine

Question 58

______ proteins may be increased where there is increased permeability.

Answer 58

CSF