Proteins And Tumor Markers

Question 1

Macromolecules of amino acids, with each amino acid being linked to another via peptide bond

Answer 1

Proteins

Question 2

The amino acids are linked to each other through covalent peptide bonding in a specific sequence to form a polypeptide chain

Answer 2

Primary structure

Question 3

The polypeptide chan winds to form alpha helixes and beta sheets through the formation of hydrogen binds between CO and NH groups of the peptide bonds

Answer 3

Secondary structure

Question 4

The coiled polypeptide chain folds upon itseld to form three-dimensional structure through the interactions of the R groups of amino acids

Answer 4

Tertiary structure

Question 5

Two or more folded polypeptide chains bind to each other through hydrigen bonds and electrostatic interactions to form a functional protein

Answer 5

Quarernary structure

Question 6

Polypeptides co,posed of only amino acids

Answer 6

Simple proteins

Question 7

Composed of protein and non protein (prosthetic group) components;

Answer 7

Conjugated protein

Question 8

Protein with a metal prosthetic group

Answer 8

Metalloprotein

Question 9

Protein with a lipid prosthetic group

Answer 9

Lipoprotein

Question 10

Protein with 10-40% carbohydrate attached

Answer 10

Glycoprotein

Question 11

Protein with >40% carbohydrates attached

Answer 11

Mucoproteins

Question 12

Protein with DNA or RNA nucleic acids attached

Answer 12

Nucleoprotein

Question 13

Nonspecific response to inflammation that may be caused by autoimmune disorders or infections, as well as a nonspecific response to tissue injury from tumors, MI, trauma or surgical procedures

Answer 13

Acute phase reactant proteins

Question 14

Humoral antibodies produced in response to foreign antigens for the purpose of destroying them

Answer 14

Immunoglobulins

Question 15

Reference range of total protein

Answer 15

6.5-8.3 g/dL

Question 16

Ref range of albumin

Answer 16

3.5-5.0 g/dL

Question 17

Decreased protein value

Answer 17

Hypoproteinemia

Question 18

Increased protein value

Answer 18

Hyperproteinemia

Question 19

Another name for prealbumin

Answer 19

Transthyretin

Question 20

Indicator of nutritional status and transports thyroid hormones

Answer 20

Prealbumin

Question 21

Highest concentration of all plasma proteins
Binds many analytes for transport in blood

Answer 21

Albumin

Question 22

Protease inhibitor that neutralizes trypsin-type enzymes that can damage structural proteins

Answer 22

A1- antitrypsin

Question 23

Increased AFP level in maternal serum may result to

Answer 23

Neural tube defects, spina bifida, fetal distress

Question 24

Decreased AFP level may cause

Answer 24

Down syndrome, Trisomy 18

Question 25

Another name for A1-acid glycoprotein

Answer 25

Orosomucoid

Question 26

Acute phase reactant; binds to basic drugs

Answer 26

A1- acid glycoprotein

Question 27

A2 globulin that binds free hemoglobin and is an acute reactant

Answer 27

Haptoglobin

Question 28

Acute phase reactant that is an A2 globulin, copper containing protein with enzymatic activity

Answer 28

Ceruloplasmin

Question 29

Ceruloplasmin is decreased in what disease

Answer 29

Wilson disease

Question 30

Proteolytic enzyme inhibitor that inhibits thrombin, trypsin and pepsin

Answer 30

A2 macroglobulin

Question 31

B-globulin that transports iron

Answer 31

Transferrin

Question 32

B-globulin that is an acute phase reactant Increased in rheumatic fever, infections, MI, RA, and gout

Answer 32

CRP

Question 33

Five major classes of immunoglobulins

Answer 33

IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG and IgM

Question 34

One of any immunoglobulins will be increased in what disorder

Answer 34

Monoclonal gammopathy

Question 35

Immunoglobulin that can cross the placenta

Answer 35

IgG

Question 36

Decreased in the presence of increased susceptibility to infection and when a monoclonal gammopathy

Answer 36

IgG

Question 37

Seen serum and secretion

Answer 37

IgA

Question 38

Biggest immunoglobulin

Answer 38

IgM

Question 39

IgM is increased in what disorder

Answer 39

Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia

Question 40

Immunoglobulins increased allergies, asthma, hay fever, parasitic infections

Answer 40

IgE

Question 41

Used to predict risk of premature birth

Answer 41

Fibronectin

Question 42

Based on the change in velocity of light (light bent)

Answer 42

Refractometry

Question 43

Based on cupric ions complexing with peptide bonds in an alkaline medium to produce a purple colored complex

Answer 43

Biuret method

Question 44

Allow protein to bind to a dye, forming a protein dye complex that results in a shift of the maximum absorbance of the dye

Answer 44

Dye binding

Question 45

Reference of choice to validate materials used with the biuret method

Answer 45

Kjeldahl technique

Question 46

Technique based on the quantification of the nitrogen content of protein

Answer 46

Kjeldahl technique

Question 47

Sequence of migration of proteins in serum electrophoresis

Answer 47

Albumin>a1-globulins>a2-globulins>B-globulins>gamma globulins

Question 48

Type of zone electrophoresis in which protein separation is based on the isoelectric point of the proteins

Answer 48

Isoelectric focusing

Question 49

Calculation for the concentration of the globulins

Answer 49

Globulins = Total Protein - Albumin

Question 50

Reference range for urine total protein

Answer 50

1-14 mg/dL; <100mg/day

Question 51

Increased protein in urine may result from what diseases

Answer 51

Tubular or glomerular dysfunction Multiple myeloma Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia Nephrotic syndrome

Question 52

Protein found in urine of parients with multiple myeloma

Answer 52

Bence Jones protein

Question 53

Condition where the quantity of albumin in the urine is greater than normal, yet it is not able to be detected by the urine dipstick method

Answer 53

Microalbuminuria