Proteins, Metabolism

Question 1

are used for anabolic purposes such as synthesis of nonessential amino acids, tissue protein synthesis, enzyme or hormone synthesis, deamination, or transamination.

Answer 1

Absorbed proteins

Question 2

Amino acid synthesis and degradation are brought about by two reactions called ? that occur in the liver.

Answer 2

transamination and deamination

Question 3

is the major site of amino acid metabolism

Answer 3

liver

Question 4

is responsible for nonessential amino acid synthesis

Answer 4

transaminases

Question 5

The liver has enzymes such as transaminases and is responsible for nonessential amino acid synthesis through a process called

Answer 5

transamination

Question 6

An amino group from one amino acid is transferred to an ? to form a new amino acid

Answer 6

organic acid

Question 7

is needed for transaminase activity (transamination)

Answer 7

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)

Question 8

Transamination also provides a link between?

Question 9

Transamination also provides a link between protein and carbohydrate metabolism, where certain amino acids can use their C skeleton for?

Answer 9

glucose synthesis

Question 10

is the removal of amino groups from amino acids to form ammonia

Answer 10

Deamination

Question 11

deamination needed for getting rid of nitrogen from the animal’s body

Question 12

After deamination or transamination, this part of amino acid are left and are used for making glucose, ketone bodies, or energy production.

Answer 12

C skeleton

Question 13

is a chemical reaction that transfers an amino group to a keto acid to form new amino acids.

Answer 13

Transamination

Question 14

All amino acids, except ?, are glucogenic, meaning that they can use the C skeleton for glucose synthesis.

Answer 14

leucine and lysine

Question 15

are strictly ketogenic amino acids (forms ketone bodies) and can provide acetyl CoA as an energy source.

Answer 15

Leucine and lysine

Question 16

Since both carbons of acetyl CoA are lost in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, it cannot provide?

Answer 16

glucose

Question 17

is liberated from amino acid degradation is toxic to the central nervous and needs to be excreted or detoxified.

Answer 17

ammonia

Question 18

Most mammals detoxify ammonia and excrete it as ? in the urine

Answer 18

urea

Question 19

birds excrete ammonia as?

Answer 19

uric acid

Question 20

Detoxification of ammonia to urea is through the?

Answer 20

urea cycle

Question 21

The detoxification of ammonia to form urea is brought about by the urea cycle through two tissues?

Answer 21

liver and kidney

Question 22

Two nonprotein amino acids involved in the urea cycle are?

Answer 22

ornithine and citrulline

Question 23

The first step in the urea cycle is the formation of?

Answer 23

carbamoyl phosphate

Question 24

What reacts with a compound called carbamoyl phosphate and forms citrulline.

Answer 24

Ornithine

Question 25

Ornithine reacts with a compound called carbamoyl phosphate and forms?

Answer 25

citrulline

Question 26

Citrulline is easily enters cytosol and reacts with ?, forming argininosuccinate (2 ATP needed).

Answer 26

aspartate

Question 27

Citrulline is easily enters cytosol and reacts with aspartate, forming?

Answer 27

argininosuccinate

Question 28

Citrulline is easily permeable and gets into the cytosol and reacts with aspartate, forming argininosuccinate (how many ATP needed).

Answer 28

2

Question 29

cleaves argininosuccinate into arginine and fumarate

Answer 29

argininosuccinate lyase

Question 30

fumarate enters?

Answer 30

TCA cycle

Question 31

Arginine is lysed into ? and splits urea off

Answer 31

ornithine

Question 32

can be a nonessential amino acid but not available for protein synthesis.

Answer 32

arginine

Question 33

Is synthesized by the kidney from citrulline

Answer 33

Arginine

Question 34

The liver breaks down arginine into?

Answer 34

urea and ornithine.

Question 35

cannot synthesize carbamoyl phosphate and hence they cannot make urea.

Answer 35

Poultry

Question 36

Instead, glutamic acid, glycine, and methionine are used for?

Answer 36

uric acid synthesis

Question 37

need high levels of methionine, arginine, and glycine in their diet for optimum production.

Answer 37

poultry

Question 38

the formation of urea through the urea cycle is dependent on?

Answer 38

ATP dependent

Question 39

the formation of urea through the urea cycle is ATP dependent, feeding animals poor quality or excess protein is energy demanding and can lead to?

Answer 39

environmental problems

Question 40

Question: What is the substance produced in the rumen that travels to the liver?

Answer 40

Ammonia (NH3).

Question 41

Through which blood vessel does ammonia travel to the liver?

Answer 41

Portal vein

Question 42

What process converts ammonia into urea in the liver?

Answer 42

Urea cycle.

Question 43

Where does urea go after being produced in the liver?

Answer 43

bloodstream

Question 44

What are the two possible destinations for urea after it enters the bloodstream?

Answer 44

It can be excreted in urine or sent back to the digestive tract.

Question 45

This type of synthesis occurs in every tissue of the body

Answer 45

Protein synthesis

Question 46

Protein synthesis lies ultimately in the?

Answer 46

genetic code.

Question 47

DNA and RNS consist of?

Answer 47

Nucleotides

Question 48

contains the genetic code of the animal and is the blueprint of protein synthesis

Answer 48

DNA

Question 49

DNA controls the formation of?

Answer 49

RNA

Question 50

Types of RNA:

Answer 50

- Messenger RNA - Transfer RNA - Ribosomal RNA

Question 51

All types of RNA are involved in?

Answer 51

protein synthesis

Question 52

is the part of the structure of ribosomes, which has three base codons that code for amino acids (site of protein formation).

Answer 52

Ribosomal RNA

Question 53

picks up specific amino acids from cytoplasm and transports it to the ribosomes (workbench where proteins are made).

Answer 53

Transfer RNA

Question 54

acts like an adapter during protein synthesis.

Answer 54

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Question 55

Each tRNA carries a specific?

Answer 55

amino acid

Question 56

determines the sequence of amino acids (translation) in the protein formed.

Answer 56

Messenger RNA

Question 57

Both messenger RNA (mRNA) and tRNA are produced from the?

Answer 57

DNA template

Question 58

The synthesis of each protein is controlled by a different

Answer 58

mRNA

Question 59

As the peptide chain is formed, an cannot be formed, which limits the peptide chain formation and protein synthesis

Answer 59

empty space

Question 60

All 20 amino acids are needed for?

Answer 60

protein synthesis

Question 61

is a dynamic process involving continuous and simultaneous protein synthesis and protein degradation.

Answer 61

Protein turnover

Question 62

Constant turnovers of proteins in the body and the loss of proteins, mainly in feces, are the basis for?

Answer 62

protein requirement

Question 63

Even when an animal is not growing, it still has?

Answer 63

protein requirement

Question 64

needed in the diet depends on age, physiological (e.g., pregnancy, lactation) and pathological status, and quality of the protein supplied.

Answer 64

amount of protein