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History - 1945-74 USA > Protests > Flashcards

Protests Flashcards

1
Q

Who were the Greensboro four

A

Four black students who sat at the white-only lunch counter in Woolworth’s, waiting to be served. They were asked to leave, but didnt. They repeated this every day, staying until closing. They were joined by many students

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2
Q

How many students joined the greensboro four and when

A

4th February - over 300

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3
Q

What were sit ins

A

A type of protest where people refuse to leave until their demands are met

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4
Q

How many people took part in sit ins in February 1960

A

Over 70k

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5
Q

When did the greensboro four start

A

1st feb 1960

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6
Q

What was the white response to the sit ins

and what did the police do

A
  • white abuse (insults, spitting, food thrown)
  • physical attack from whites
  • thousands arrested - led to ‘Jail not bail’ - so jails became overcrowded
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7
Q

Did the civil rights groups create the sit ins

A

No - it was students

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8
Q

How did the civil rights groups respond to the sit ins

A

They began to organise some themselves, as well as training students to become more effective protestors e.g. to always be visible and how to deal with harassment without violence

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9
Q

What was the SNCC (known as snick)

A

The student non-violent coordinating community

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10
Q

What were the significance of the sit ins on businesses

A

Businesses affected suffered due to 2 factors: 1. There were fewer seats for customers 2. The store sold less goods due to the boycott. Most o stores including Woolworths desegregated eating facilities.

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11
Q

How many towns in the south had deseccregated lunch facilities by the end of 1960

A

120

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12
Q

What did the public think of the sit ins

A

They were hugely publicised - even Eisenhower showed his sympathy for the cause. The sight of young blacks being attacked without retaliation gained them sympathy

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13
Q

What did Eisenhower say about the sit ins and when

A

16th march 1960 - he said he was “deeply sympathetic with the efforts of any group to enjoy the rights of equality that they are guaranteed by the Constitution”

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14
Q

Why were the sit ins a landmark for civil rights movement (5)

A
  1. They were the first mass protest
  2. They were the first protests in which many whites joined
  3. They started the student movement
  4. The SNCC was born
  5. Showed a shift in tactics - more confrontational, while still non-violent
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15
Q
A
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16
Q

Summarise in bullet points the significance of the sit ins (6)

A
  1. Attracted huge public sympathy
  2. More confrontational than boycotts
  3. Whites joined
  4. Start of student protests
  5. Numbers taking part
  6. Some facilities were deseccgragated
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17
Q

What were the freedom riders

A

A group put together by CORE in 1961 who were testing the desegregation laws on buses

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18
Q

What were the Anniston fire bombings and when

A

14th may 1961 - the KKK met the bus. The crowd attacked the bus. The police arrived to allow the bus to leave, but no one was arrested. The police escorted it to the edge of the city but then left, so the bus was left to the mob. They set the bus on fire. The passengers escaped, but they were attacked as they were leaving the bus

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19
Q

Who was arrested due to the outcry after the freedom riders

A

The freedom riders for ‘starting a riot’

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20
Q

What was the effect of the freedom riders

A

They attracted mass media attention. The government was embarrassed at what the world saw. It threatened to send in marshals to enforce desegregation of buses. This led to the integration, so the freedom rides ended

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21
Q
A
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22
Q

Who was James Meredith

A

A black who applied to Mississippi uni in may 1961 - the governor of mis said “no school will be integrated in Mississippi while i am your governor.” The governor passed a state law that those who had committed a ‘felony offence’ could not attend the university. Meredith had been convicted for false voter registration

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23
Q

What did JFK do in response to Meredith

A

He intervened with the mis state rule. He sent officials to escort Meredith. The officials were attacked.

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24
Q

How many died when Meredith was escorted

A

2 died, 300 injure

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25
What did the Meredith case show about JFK
He was prepared to take direct action to enforce Supreme Court rulings
26
What happened to blacks applying to uni after Meredith
They were rarely prevented from attending, although they did face troubles
27
What was the background of MLK
Born in 1929 1. Middle class 2. Doctorate degree 3. Good speaker 4. Non-violent 5. Worked with all races 6. Baptist minister
28
Who influenced the ways of MLK
Mahatma Gandhi
29
When was MLK killed
4th April 1968
30
What was Project C
(C for confrontation )- a campaign by the SNCC and SCLC to end segregation in Birmingham (Alabama) by doing boycotts, sit ins and marches
31
What was Birmingham nicknamed and why
Bombingham - the KKK was very present and they frequently bombed black homes/businesses
32
Who was chief ‘bull’ Connor and what did he do
He was chief of police in Birmingham He ordered dogs to be set on the protestors, then called in the fire department to use hoses on them. The images of this were published worldwide
33
What was the impact of Birmingham
JFK sent in a negotiator, but the talks were interrupted by the alabama state troops. He then sent in federal troops. The white businesses made concessions rather than losing money, so **some** desegregation was allowed
34
What impact did the Birmingham events have on the federal government
The president wanted to avoid similar scenes in the future, so prioritised the civil rights bill that they were working on
35
What was the march on Washington
The largest political gathering (250k+) the US had ever seen, the protestors marched to Washington to show their support for the civil rights bill that was being passed. Exactly 100 years after slavery abolished (28th August 1963)
36
Where was the dream speech given
At the Lincoln memorial, during the march on Washington
37
What was the importance of the march on Washington (4)
1. The huge numbers showed the support for civil rights 2. The event brought publicity to the cause 3. It put further pressure on politicians 4. It fixed MLKs position as leader of the movement
38
When was Kennedy assassinated
November 1963
39
What was the Mississippi freedom summer
A campaign to get more blacks to vote in mis (only 7% at the time could vote) A new political party was set up (MFDP) to challenge the all white Mississippi democrat party. They had over 80k members. It ran classes to help blacks pass literacy tests.
40
What happened to participants in the mis freedom summer
They were attacked by the KKK - shot or beaten up. Black houses and churches were bombed
41
Who was Andrew Goodman
A white young man who was arrested by a policeman (who was in the KKK) during the mis freedom summer. He went missing and was found dead weeks later. This attracted huge publicity and support for civil rights,s but also caused division between the civil rights groups as he was white
42
43
Did the Mississippi freedom summer campaign succeed and why
No - only 1,600 more blacks could vote. Many of them were too scared to register due to threats, or were physically attacked, or were threatened that they would be fired if they registered. However, there was some success - black literacy rates improved due to the 30 Freedom Schools. The publicity from the murders also increased national support for civil rights bill
44
What happened at Selma and when
7th march 1965 - a protest march left Selma for Montgomery, but was stopped at the Edmund Pettus bridge just outside Selma. The state troops and police attacked them with tear gas, electric shocks, clubs etc.
45
What was the impact of Selma 3
1. Media coverage 2. Protests for the support of Selma started all over USA - e.g. New York on 15th march 1965 3. The civil rights movement began to split - some believed in more direct confrontation and began to question non-violence
46
What did the 7th march 1965 began known as
Bloody Sunday (because of the events in Selma)
47
What is filibustering and how long did the Dixiecrats filibuster for (in 1948) about the civil rights act
Speaking for ages about a bill to stop a verdict being reached. 54 days
48
When did President Johnson sign the civil rights act
2nd July 1964
49
What did the civil rights act 1964 state (4)
1. Segregation and discrimination in public places, education and businesses was banned 2. Voter registration tests had to be fair and the same for black and white people 3. Discrimination in employment banned 4. The federal government could remove funding from state projects that discriminated
50
Why was the impact of the civil rights act 1964 limited
It was very hard to enforce, especially in the Deep South. Southerners were outrages, whereas blacks felt it didnt go far enough
51
What did the voting rights act 1965 state (3)
1. One, fair national test was set up for registering to vote 2. States are banned from using their own voting qualifications unless approved by the federal government 3. Federal examiners would supervise voter registration
52
Why was the voting rights act pushed
Because Johnson didnt add this to the civil rights act 1964 becuase he thought it would never get passed. However, the freedom summer and Selma highlighted the fact that it was required
53
What percent of blacks were registered to vote in Mississippi in 1964 and 1968
64 - 6.7% 68 - 67.5%
54
Why was the voting rights act so significant
Politicians had to consider the blacks for the first time ever in order to get votes
55
What were the 4 main factors in the passing of the voting rights act and the civil rights act
1. The attitudes of presidents Kennedy and Johnson as well as the political skill and hard work of Johnson in getting them passed 2. More people in congress who wanted to do “the right thing” 3. The emergence in more radical activists who seemed to threaten violent protest if legislation wasn’t passed 4. The civil rights protests
56
57
When was the Nation of Islam set up
July 1930
58
When did Malcom x join the Nation of Islam
While in prison in the 1940s
59
What did Malcom x think of the civil rights movement and leaders like MLK
He was very critical - he thought that not retaliating to white violence was foolish. He thought that violence was justified in order to achieve a separate black nation
60
When and why was Malcom x assassinated
21st February 1965 - by 3 members of the Nation of Islam who were angry he left the group
61
What happened to the influence of Malcom x after he died
It increased - his ideas of black pride, violence in self defence and a rejection of the civil rights movement inspired many and became the basis of more radical groups e.g. the black power or black panthers
62
What was the black power movement
Coined by stokely Carmichael, it encouraged racial pride, self determination and political and economic self control for blacks
63
Who was stokely Carmichael
SNCC leader since may 1966. He was frustrated with the slow progress of non violence, so turned to Malcom X. He changed the ideas of SNCC - whites could no longer be members, non-violence was no longer essential and people could defend themselves. This marked a turning point in civil rights. He also coined the term ‘black power’
64
What group was most attracted by black power
Poor young blacks who wanted a radical method to improve their lives
65
Why did the black power movement grow (4)
1. Many blacks were frustrated with the slow progress with traditional methods 2. Black power expressed the anger felt by many blacks about the lack of employment opportunities and worsening conditions in city ghettos 3. The change in the SNCC and the 1968 Olympics gained lots of publicity 4. Black power encouraged blacks to be proud of their heritage, which was attractive to them. It also encouraged them to defend themselves
66
What happened at the 1968 Olympics
Tommie Smith and John Carlos won gold and bronze in 200m. They gave the black power salute while on the podium. They wore black socks with no shoes to show the poverty of blacks. Their protest inspired many to join black power because the event was broadcasted so broadly
67
What was the impact of black power on whites and on non violent blacks, and the civil rights movement
Non violent blacks - scared Whites - terrified Civil rights movement - it led to more blacks taking pride in their heritage, also inspiring projects which improved living conditions. Black power brought increased awareness of issues faced by blacks
68
What were the black panthers
A group set up by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale in October 1966 in Oakland, California. They were the most well known and most feared black power group. They had a ten point plan, which included the desire for “freedom” , “employment”, “education” etc
69
What were the race riots
Riots were occurring just 2 weeks after the civil rights act was signed, showing that blacks were still unhappy.
70
How long did the race riots last
Over 4 years
71
Where, when and what happened at the most famous race riots
The Watts district of LA - august 1965. A curfew zone was set up of around 70km and 14,000 state troops were sent in. 34 died, 1000+ injured, 4000 arrested
72
What did the Kerner Report state that the race riots were caused by (3)
1. Frustration and anger at poor living conditions in the ghettos caused by segregation and discrimination 2. Failure of the police and city authorities to respond to reported problems 3. Unfair treatment by the police. The police using extreme violence during the riots made this worse
73
What were the impacts of the race riots (4)
- the civil rights movement lost some white sympathy - the government gave money to improve ghetto conditions, but was often spent on weapons and training for police. - some civil rights campaigners changed focus to the social and economic problems blacks faced - the civil rights campaigns were expanding further north
74
What was the Chicago freedom movement
Trying to fix the ghettos in Chicago - businesses were boycotted unless they employed more blacks - officials met with King to improve housing
75
What was the poor people’s campaign
Made by king and the SLCL, it helped poor people of **ALL** races. It wanted: 1. An extension of welfare to help the unemployed 2. A fair minimum wage 3. Education for poor adults and children to improve chances at employment
76
What was the impact of the death of king
The movement was damaged greatly - the unity he brought was lost. His non violent ideas were also lost, as the movement became more violent
77
What was bussing and why was it controversial
Buses transported children from black areas to white areas (or the opposite) to go to school Controversial because people didn’t want children to travel across town, or objected to mixed-race education
78
Why did the movement slow down from 1968-74 (2)
1. The death of MLK meant that the unity of the movement was lost, so the movement became divided 2. There was no longer a president committed to civil rights as Nixon took over in 1969
79
What was the attitude of Nixon compared to Johnson on civil rights
He was less committed
80
What was affirmative action
Reverse discrimination - giving blacks jobs/study opportunities even if they had worse qualifications

History - 1945-74 USA (6 decks)

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