PROTISTS

Question 1

Episodes of life

Answer 1

1. Prokaryotes
   a. 3.5 B yrs ago
2. Oxygen production started with evolution of photosynthesis
   a. 2.5 B yrs ago—stromatolites
3. Single celled eukaryrotes
   a. Protists
   b. 1.8 B yrs ago
4. Multicellular eukaryotes
   a. 1 B yrs ago
   b. [Protista]: plantae, fungi, animalia

Question 2

Origin of eukaryotic cells

Answer 2

1. Inward folds of PM of a prokaryotic cell to make the nucleus
2. Endosymbiosis—incorporation of mitochondria and chloroplasts into cell

Question 3

algal protist

Answer 3

unicellular, colonial, multicellular
a. Green algae ancestor of land plants

Question 4

fungal protist (not related to fungi)

Answer 4

a. No cell walls or have cell walls made of cellulose not chitin
b. Fungal protist, protozoa, algae do not form natural groups
c. Slime molds: heterotrophic protist
i. Land organisms that eat microorganisms in dying plant or animal matter
1. Can be multinucleate mass of protoplasm (plasmodial slime molds)
2. Can be amoeba-like uninucleate cells (cellular slime molds)

Question 5

Oomycota

Answer 5

i. Unicellular to filamentous forms
ii. Reproduce sexually or by oogamy (female big, sperm small and plentiful)
1. Zygote is thick walled oospore
iii. Downy mildew pathogen
1. Threatened grapes and came from USA
2. Cure—copper sulfate
iv. Damping off disease
1. Affects greenhouses

Question 6

characteristics of algae

Answer 6

• Lack leaves, roots, flowers, seeds, may have specialized tissue
• Photoautotrophic
• Different groups have different pigments or chloroplast structure (endosymbiotic origins)
• Eat plankton
• Coral animals eat unicellular algae zooxanthellae that live within their tissues
  o Stress can eject the algae

Question 7

phytoplankton

Answer 7

o Algae and cyanobacteria in water column
o Energy source for most marine species
o Important in chemical cycling—CO2 to sugar
o Fixing CO2 into CaCO3 in scales covering their bodies

Question 8

Algal blooms caused by

Answer 8

warm water, low salinity, and high nutrient content
o Kill fish or food poisoning in humans and animals
o Algae produce toxin

Question 9

food chains

Question 10

commercial use

Answer 10

• Important macronutrients N, P K
• 12-8-10
• Fertilizer
• Eat as vegetables or food prep
• High protein, mineral, vitamin
• Manufacturing products—thicken or stabilize

Question 11

dinoflagellates

Answer 11

• Unicellular biflagellate
• Cell membrane stiff cellulose plates
• Chlorophyll a, c and carotenoid peridinin to protect chlorophyll
• Flagella beat in 2 grooves
• Store starch
• Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning
  o Eating shellfish that have brevotoxins from dinoflagellate

Question 12

Euglenoids

Answer 12

• Unicellular, NO cell wall
• Chloroplast a b and store paramylon other than starch
• Contractile vaculoles allows cells to eliminate excess water
• Divide as they swim (asexual)

Question 13

Diatoms

Answer 13

• Two part cell walls made of silica and cellulose
• Bilateral symmetry—pennate diatom
• Radial symmetry—centric diatom
• Chlorophyll a and c and fucoxanthin

Question 14

(Phaeophyta) Brown algae

Answer 14

• Seedweed
• Thallus body form branched filaments
• Differentiated regions—stripe, blade, holdfast
• Airbladders to float
• Chlorophyll a and c and fucoxanthin like diatom (common origin)

Question 15

reproduction

Answer 15

• Sporophyte (2n) is spore produing stage
  o Give sporangia that release spores (n) by meiosis
   Spores germinate produce gametophyte
• Gametophyte is gamete producing stage
  o Gives gametangia (antheridia and oogonia) that produce gametes
   Fertilization follows and zygote grows into sporophyte

Question 16

(rhodophyta) Red algae

Answer 16

• Multicellular seaweed
• Pigment form phycobilin—absorb green and blue light
• Chlorophyll a only
• Deposit CaCO3 in cell walls
• Coralline algae for coral reefs and tide pools

Question 17

(Chlorophyta) Green algae

Answer 17

• Unicellular  parenchymatous (tissue like)
• Aquatic
• Store starch in plastids
• Cell walls made of cellulose

Question 18

Chlorophyceae largest group of green algae

Answer 18

o Closer to land plants than other class of green algae
o Glycolate oxidase in peroxisomes (photorespiration
o Cell division with phycoplast
 Microtubules are horizontal
 Ensure each daughter cell gets a nucleus

Question 19

o Chlamydomonas

Answer 19

 2 flagella and 1 chloroplast w/ a stigma (light perception)
 Cell wall has no cellulose

 Complex colonies
 Held together by matrix and flagella beat individual
 Colonies may be polar
* Stigmas may be longer on one end
 Undergo mitosis

Question 20

o Volvox

Answer 20

 Some are reproductive
 Polar, spins CW, moves to light
 Divide by mitosis to make sphreroids
 Sexual reproduction done by oogamy

Question 21

Filamentous and parenchymatous species

Answer 21

 Connected by plasmodesmata

Question 22

Coleochaete

Answer 22

 One thick discoid alga grows on surface of fresh water plants
 Cytokinesis –in growth of cell wall and constriction of cell membrane
 Phragmoplast at mitosis (assembly of microtubules and ER for anaphase and telophase to make cell plate)
 Oogamous
* Zygote grows in oogonium on female parent
* No spore generation, only multicellular generation is haploid
* Antheridia are multicellular

Question 23

o Chara

Answer 23

 Grows in temperate lakes (branched apical growth)
 Cytokinesis –in growth of cell wall and constriction of cell membrane
 Phragmoplast at mitosis (assembly of microtubules and ER for anaphase and telophase to make cell plate)
 Oogamous
* Zygote grows in oogonium on female parent
* No spore generation, only multicellular generation is haploid
 Antheridia are multicellular

Question 24

• Class Ulvophyceae

Answer 24

o Marine species
o Filamentous or flat thallus
o Ulva (sea lettuce)

Question 25

Dennise Practices Russian, Christa Uses VCC (DPRCUVCC)

Answer 25

Diatoms
phaeo (brown)
russian (red)
chloro (green)
volvox
dommas
coleo