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Protists Flashcards

1
Q

How was the mitochondrion created?

A

An archean prokaryote lost its cell wall and its plasma membrane became highly infolded creating the endomembrane system and closed off DNA inside a nuclear membrane. This prokaryote, now an early eukaryote then engulfed a proteobacterium which became the mt

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2
Q

How were chloroplasts created?

A

in another endosymbiotic event about 1-1.5 bya, a heterotrophic eukaryote with a mt, engulfed a cyanobacteria which became the chloroplast

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3
Q

What are cyanobacterium and proteobacterium: gram + or gram -?

A

Both gram - and both were engulfed and became endosymbionts

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4
Q

What did the heterotroph that engulfed the red algae give us?

A

1) dinoflagellates 2) apicomplexans, and 3) stramenopiles

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5
Q

What did the heterotroph that engulfed the green algae give us?

A

euglenids and turduken

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6
Q

What are 3 unique features of the excavates supergroup?

A

1) specialized feeding groove for phagotrophic nutrition
2) many phagotrophs developed into plant and animal parasites = mostly heterotrophs
3) single, pair, or multiple flagella

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7
Q

What are the 3 sub-supergroups within the excavates supergroup?

A

1) diplomonads
2) parabasalids
3) Euglenozoan

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8
Q

What are 4 distinct traits of diplomonads?

A

1) Obligate Anaerobic heterotrophs
2) 2 equal sized nuclei
3) multiple anterior flagella
4) often are parasites

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9
Q

What’s an example of a parasitic diplomonad that inhabits the small intestine and causes diarrhea (traveler’s diarrhea)?

A

Giardia spp

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10
Q

What are the 2 distinct traits of parabasalids?

A

1) Obligate anaerobic heterotrophs
2) Most are endosymbionts of animals

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11
Q

What is one example of a parabasalid endosymbiont of termites?

A

trichonympha campanula: secretes cellulase to digest wood

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12
Q

What is an example of a parabasalid parasite that’s transmitted sexually and lives in the reproductive tracts of both males and females?

A

Trichomonas Vaginalis: moves with flagella and undulating membrane

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13
Q

What are 2 distinct traits of euglenozoa?

A

1) lost their plastids
2) single pair of distinct flagella containing a latticework of proteins that allow it to whip around and propel the organism forward

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14
Q

What are 2 groups contained within the euglenozoan clade?

A

1) kinetoplastids
2) euglenids

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15
Q

What are 2 traits of kinetoplasts?

A

1) have a single large mitochondria containing many circular DNA molecules
2) some are planktonic while others survive as parasites

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16
Q

What’s an example of a parasitic kinetoplastid?

A

Trypanosma causes sleeping sickness in humans

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17
Q

What’s a second example of a parasitic kinetoplastid that is considered the most severe parasitic disease of the Americas leading to debilitating cardiomyopathy in 1/3 of affected individuals (no cure)?

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

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18
Q

How do trypanosma go undetected by the host’s immune system?

A

they’re able to dynamically change their surface proteins frequently which prevents the host from developing immunity to it

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19
Q

What are 3 distinct traits of euglenids?

A

1) one or 2 flagella emerge from the excavating groove at anterior of the cell
2) have multiple chloroplasts and eyespots which allow them to detect wavelengths of light = mixotrophs
3) Proteinaceous strip called a pellicle consisting of Microtubules that provide strength and flexibility allowing them to have slug-like movement in soil or viscous media

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20
Q

What are the similarities between the members of the SAR supergroup?

A

none really

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21
Q

What are the 3 sub supergroups within the SAR supergroup?

A

1) Stramenopiles
2) Alveolates
3) Rhizarians

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22
Q

What is the defining feature of the stramenopiles clade?

A

A pair of flagella where one is hairy and other isn’t

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23
Q

What 3 members are included in the stramenopiles clade?

A

1) Diatoms
2) brown algae
3) oomycetes

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24
Q

What are 2 defining features of diatoms?

A

1) 2 part glass-like walls called frustules made of silicon dioxide embedded in an organic matrix
2) some species secrete a mucilage from their raphe allowing for gliding motion

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25
How do we identify diatoms?
morphology of their frustules
26
What are 2 ecosystem services provided by diatoms?
1) After diatom pop blooms, many dead individuals sink to ocean floor undecomposed keeping fixed carbon out of atmosphere 2) fossilized diatom walls composed much of the sediments known as diatomaceous earth
27
What are the 4 distinct traits of brown algae?
1) all multicellular (one of the few that are multicellular) 2) mostly marine 3) combination of smooth and tinseled flagella on zoosperm and sperm 4) Undergo alternation of generations
28
What are 3 distinct traits of oomycetes?
1) includes downy mildews, water moulds, and white rusts 2) cell walls reinforced with cellulose 3) common parasites and saprophytes
29
What event are alveolates descendants from?
secondary endosymbiotic event involving a red algae
30
What is a key feature of alveolates?
air pockets underneath the plasma membrane resembling alveoli
31
What 3 members are included in alveolates?
1) dinoflagellates 2) apicomplexans 3) ciliates
32
What are 3 distinct traits of dinoflagellates?
1) 2 flagella located inside of grooves: one transversal and one longitudinal giving them the ability to spin as the propel forwards 2) the cell membrane of these single-celled organisms is reinforced with an armour before living as symbionts in animals 3) important autotrophic plankton
33
What are 2 traits of apicomplexans?
1) parasites of animals and some cause serious human diseases 2) On one end, the apex , contains a complex of organelles specialized for penetrating host cells and tissues
34
What apicomplexan parasite causes malaria?
plasmodium
35
What apicomplexan parasite causes toxoplasmosis in humans and is a cat parasite?
toxoplasma
36
What are 5 distinct traits of ciliates?
1) lost their red algae symbiont = all phagotrophs 2) cilia cover the entire surface of the cell 3) below plasma membrane, one can observe regular appearance of alveoli 4) they have a large macronuclei and small micronuclei 5) sex is uncoupled from reproduction as they undergo conjugation
37
During conjugation in ciliates, which nuclei is exchanged?
haploid micronuclei
38
What is an example of a ciliate?
paramecium
39
How do paramecium osmoregulate?
expel water through their contractile vacuoles
40
In paramecium, what do contractile vacuoles look like vs food vacuoles?
contractiles vacuoles = star-like pattern food vacuoles = grainy and more circular
41
What are 3 defining features of the sub-supergroup rhizarians?
1) long thin pseudopod 2) calcareous shells 3) almost all are heterotrophic
42
What 3 groups are included in rhizarians?
1) forams 2) cerozoans 4) radiolarians
43
What are 4 distinct features of forams?
1) porous multi-chambered shells called testes 2) pseudopodia extend through pores of the test functioning in feeding and movement = phagotrophs 3) many harbour algal endosymbionts 4) sensitive to temp: coiling direction for some species is dependent on temp allowing for clues into past climate
44
What is a species of foram that coils to the right when its above 10C and coils to the left below 8-10C?
Globorotalia truncatulinoides
45
What are 2 distinct features of cerozoans?
1) descendent of an endosymbiotic event involving a green algae 2) most are heterotrophic, but one group retained their plastid making them autotrophic = Turduken
46
What is the 1 autotrophic clade in the cerozoans?
Turduken = chlorarachniophytes
47
What are 3 distinct traits of radiolarians?
1) pseudopodia radiate from central body and are surrounded by thin layer of cytoplasm 2) phagotrophs 3) cytoplasmic streaming bring the food to the main part of the cell
48
What primary endosymbiotic created the archaeplastida supergroup?
~2bya, a primary endosymbiotic event occurred where a heterotrophic protist engulfed a cyanobacterium giving rise to red and green algae protists in this supergroup
49
What are the 2 clades in the archaeplastida supergroup?
1) red algae clade 2) green algae clade
50
what are 2 distinct features of red algae?
1) includes large multicellular protists that harness short wavelengths of light (blue and green) which reach lower in water 2) pigment responsible for absorbing light = phycoerythrin
51
What is the common feature between the 2 green algae clade: charophytes and chlorophytes?
Both use chlorophyll as their pigment to harness light
52
What 2 characteristics do charophytes share with land plants?
1) cellulose-synthesizing protein rings embedded in plasma membrane 2) phragmoplast which helps establish a new cell after cell division
53
What is a well known example of a filamentous charophyte?
spirogyra (often classified as a chlorophyte) DON'T MAKE THIS MISTAKE
54
What is the distinct feature of chlorophytes?
contain pyrenoid bodies within chloroplasts which function to reduce rates of photorespiration
55
What % of global fixed carbon are pyrenoid bodies responsible for?
30%
56
What are the 2 sub-supergroups within the unikonts supergroup?
1) amoebozoans 2) unikonts: animals, fungi, nucleariids and choanoflagellates
57
What is the distinct feature of amoebozoans?
amoeba have lobe- or tube shaped pseudopodia instead of threadlike
58
What are the 4 members within the sub-supergroup amoebozoan?
1) plasmodial slime moulds 2) cellular slime moulds 3) tubulinids 4) entamoabas
59
What are 4 distinct features of plasmodial slime moulds (more like summary of life cycle)?
1) at one stage in life cycle, a diploid nucleus within a single cell divides mitotically forming a multinucleated cell 2) multinucleated cell/mass extends pseudopodia through decomposing material = phagotrophs 3) eventually, mass becomes web-like producing sporangia where meiosis occurs and haploid spores are discharged 4) haploid spores discharged by sporangia produce amoeboid or flagellated sperm that fuse to restore diploid state
60
What are 3 distinct traits of cellular slime moulds (life cycle summary)?
1) composed of haploid solitary cells w/ amoeboid movement 2) food depleted = solitary cells aggregate to form something that looks like a multicellular body 3) fruiting bodies (long slender stalks of individual cells) emerge from cell aggregate and spores are released to find more food
61
What are 4 distinct traits of tubulinids?
1) diverse group of amoebozoans with lobe- or tube shaped pseudopodia 2) common unicellular protists in soil, freshwater and marine envs 3) phagotrophs -> phagocytize bacteria and protists 4) found in ventilation ducts feeding on biofilms
62
What are 3 distinct traits of entamoebas?
1) parasites of vertebrates and some invertebrates 2) single bulging pseudopod 3) parasites that secrete enzymes that degrade human epithelial cells on which they feed
63
What is an example of an Entamoeba human parasite?
Entamoeba histolytica -> causes infection killing 100,000 people annually

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