Protozoa

Question 1

monomorphic tryapnosmosis

Answer 1

t. vivax, t. congolense,

Question 2

pleomorphic trypanosmosis

Answer 2

t. brucei

Question 3

morphology of trypanosmosis

Answer 3

10-40 μm
large nucleus
kinetoplast
free flagellum
undulating membrane

Question 4

cyclic transmission example

Answer 4

t. brucei

Question 5

non cyclic tranmission example

Answer 5

t. evansei

Question 6

heteroxenous

Answer 6

cyclic
biological vector

Question 7

homoxenous

Answer 7

non cyclic
mechanical vector

Question 8

phenotypes of trypanosomosis

Answer 8

trypomastigote
promastigote
epimastigote
amastigote

Question 9

diseases of trypanosomosis

Answer 9

nagana
surra
dourine
chagas

Question 10

cause of nagana

Answer 10

t. vivax
t. congolense
t. brucei brucei

Question 11

vector of nagana

Answer 11

tsetse fly

Question 12

hosts of nagana

Answer 12

horses
cattle
camel
dog
cat

Question 13

symptoms of nagana

Answer 13

oedema
lymph node enlargement
splenomegaly

Question 14

diagnosis of nagana

Answer 14

detection of trypomastigotes from blood and lymph nodes
serology
necropsy

Question 15

cause of surra

Answer 15

t. brucei evansai

Question 16

vectors of surra

Answer 16

mechanical - blood sucking flies
biological - vampire bats

Question 17

hosts of surra

Answer 17

camels
horses
dogs

Question 18

surra symptoms in horses

Answer 18

paralysis
oedema

Question 19

surra symptoms in dogs

Answer 19

keratitis
oedema
haemorrhages

Question 20

cause of dourine

Answer 20

genetic variants of t. brucei evansi and t. brucei equiperdum

Question 21

clinical signs of dourine

Answer 21

genitals - inflammation and ulceration of mm, oedema, hypopigmentation of skin
skin - dollar spors
nerves - hyperaesthesia, anaesthesia, ascending motor paralysis

Question 22

hosts of dourine

Answer 22

horse
donkey

Question 23

cause of chagas

Answer 23

t. cruzi

Question 24

host of chagas

Answer 24

human
animals

Question 25

biological vector of chagas

Answer 25

bed bugs kissing bugs

Question 26

symptoms of chagas

Answer 26

pseudocycst in myocardium red inflammed skin

Question 27

leishmaniosis

Answer 27

l. tropica l. infantum l. donovani l. chagasi

Question 28

hosts of leishmaniosis

Answer 28

human dog cat

Question 29

vector of leishmaniosis

Answer 29

biological vector - sandfly

Question 30

forms of leishmaniosis

Answer 30

cutan and visceral forms

Question 31

cutan leishmanisosis

Answer 31

alopecia dermatitis ulceration of the skin

Question 32

visceral leishmanisosis

Answer 32

fever lymph node enlargement spleen liver cachexy anaemia diarrhoea ataxia

Question 33

diagnosis of leishmaniosis

Answer 33

amastigote detection in smear or scrappings biopsy of lymph node, liver, spleen, marrow or skin serology necropsy

Question 34

hosts of giardia

Answer 34

human young animals

Question 35

flagella in giardia

Answer 35

4 pairs 2 nuclei

Question 36

location in dogs of giardia

Answer 36

duodenum

Question 37

location in cats of giardia

Answer 37

jejunum, ileum

Question 38

forms of giardia

Answer 38

trophozoites cysts

Question 39

trophozoites of giardia morphology

Answer 39

10-20 μm pear shaped symmetrical, two nuclei – on muscosal surface

Question 40

trophozoites of giardia

Answer 40

vegetative form

Question 41

cysts of giardia

Answer 41

infectious form

Question 42

cysts of giardia morphology

Answer 42

9-15 μm oval four nuclei (resistant)

Question 43

clinical signs of giardia

Answer 43

malabsorption pancreatic insufficiency -EPI emaciation poor growth mucous, yellow and slimy diarrhoea loss of appetite vomitting abdominal pain

Question 44

parasitology diagnosis of giardia

Answer 44

faecal smear flotation serology snap test

Question 45

trichomonosis of cattle

Answer 45

t. foetus

Question 46

forms of trichomonosis

Answer 46

only trophozoite

Question 47

trichomonosis with 4 flagella

Answer 47

t. gallinae t. vaginalis tetratrichomonas gallinarum stb

Question 48

trichomonosis with 3 flagella

Answer 48

t. foetus t. equi stb

Question 49

trichomonosis with 5 flagella

Answer 49

pentatrichomonas hominis stb

Question 50

clinical signs of trichomonosis in bulls

Answer 50

inappetance sometimes inflammation of mm of preputium urethral discharge

Question 51

clinical signs of trichomonosis in cows and heifers

Answer 51

vestibulitis vaginitis ascending endometritis pyometra vaginal discharge anoestrus

Question 52

diagnosis of trichomonosis

Answer 52

collecting of vaginal/uretal discharge serology PCR necropsy

Question 53

necropsy finding of trichomonosis

Answer 53

greyish yellow papules on chorion of the foetus

Question 54

trichomonosis of bird

Answer 54

t. gallinae

Question 55

hosts of t. gallinae

Answer 55

pigeons turkeys chickens

Question 56

clinical signs of trichomonosis in birds

Answer 56

visible yellowish pseudomembranes necrotic lesions in mouth and pharynx foul odour in mouth pendulous crop apathy diarrhoea suffocation cachexy

Question 57

diagnosis of trichomonosis in birds

Answer 57

smear from lesions

Question 58

diagnosis of trichomonosis in birds

Answer 58

smear from lesions

Question 59

necropsy of trichomonosis in birds

Answer 59

yellowish diphtheritic membrane in mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, proventriculus, crop lesions in liver, heart and air sacs

Question 60

histomonosis cause

Answer 60

histomonas meleagridis

Question 61

host of histomonosis

Answer 61

young turkeys chicens guinea fowl pheasant

Question 62

where is flagellated histomonosis found

Answer 62

caecum tissue

Question 63

where is amoeboid histomonosis found

Answer 63

tissues

Question 64

clinical signs of histomonosis

Answer 64

loss of appetites diarrhoea yellow faeces blackhead

Question 65

what is blackhead of histomonosis

Answer 65

cyanosis of head, comb and wattle

Question 66

diagnosis of histomonosis

Answer 66

difficult Detection of flagellate form (10-20(30) μm, round or ovoid with one flagellum) in caecal lumen Detection of amoeboid trophozoites in tissues (8-15 μm, round without flagellum)- pleomorphic

Question 67

necropsy findings of histomonosis

Answer 67

caecum - yellowish, necrotic, caseous material in lumen, thickened wall liver - crateriform necrotic foci in guinea fowl - necrotic lesions in spleen, lung, kidneys

Question 68

morphology of eimeria

Answer 68

homoxenous stenoxenous intracellular

Question 69

types of eimeria

Answer 69

sporulated oocytes unsporulated oocytes

Question 70

structure of eimeria sporulated oocyst

Answer 70

2 sporocysts each containing 2 banana shaped sporozoites

Question 71

schizont of eimeria size

Answer 71

300μm

Question 72

merozoite of eimeria size

Answer 72

5-10μm, crescent shape

Question 73

unspolorulated oocyst

Answer 73

15-50 μm size ellipsoidal, ovoid or spherical shape Refractive shell, micropyle (a small pore) with a polar cap Zygote within the shell

Question 74

diagnosis of eimeria

Answer 74

mucosal or faecal smear necropscopy histological section

Question 75

7 species of eimeria in chickens

Answer 75

e. tenella e. necatrix e. brunetti e. maxima e. acervuline e. mitis e. praecox

Question 76

clinical signs of eimeria depends on

Answer 76

speices amount of ingested sporulated oocysts virulence of species resistance of host

Question 77

clinical signs of eimeria in chickens

Answer 77

anorexia moribund appearance, lethargy hypopigmentation ruffled feathers soft bloody faeces sucumb decreased weight and egg prodcution

Question 78

diagnosis of eimeria

Answer 78

flotation of unsporulated oocysts in faeces

Question 79

e. tenella clinical signs

Answer 79

blood in lumen wall is dilated and thick epithelial erosion schizonts and merozoites in caecum death

Question 80

e. tenella location

Answer 80

caecum

Question 81

e. necatrix location

Answer 81

wall of middle third of small intestine jejunum, ileum

Question 82

e. necatrix clinical signs

Answer 82

unclotted blood in lumen pepper and salt appearance haemorrhage thickened and swollen wall

Question 83

e. brunetti clincial signs

Answer 83

haemorrhage catarrhal exsudate coagulatie necrosis pethechiae ladder like appearance

Question 84

e. brunetti location

Answer 84

lower small intestine prox. caecum colon rectum cloaca

Question 85

e. maxima location

Answer 85

mid small intestine

Question 86

clinical signs of e. maxima

Answer 86

inflammed ballooned thickened mucosa orange/salmon punk exudates in lumen

Question 87

e. acervulina location

Answer 87

duodenum

Question 88

clinical signs of e. acervulina

Answer 88

watery lumen contents white foci

Question 89

intestinal geese coccidiosis

Answer 89

e. anseris e. nocens

Question 90

coccidiosis of geese

Answer 90

intestinal and renal

Question 91

clinical signs of e. anseris

Answer 91

anorexia polydipsia diarrhoea unstable gait

Question 92

types of coccidiosis in geese

Answer 92

intestinal renal

Question 93

causes of intestinal coccidiosis in geese

Answer 93

e. anseris e. nocens

Question 94

clinical signs of intestinal coccidiosis in geese

Answer 94

anoerexia polydipsia weakness unstable gait diarrhoea

Question 95

necropscopy of intestinal coccidiosis in geese

Answer 95

distended middle to lower third of the small intestine reddish brown fluid in lumen

Question 96

cause of renal coccidiosis in geese

Answer 96

e. truncate

Question 97

clinical signs of renal coccidiosis in geese

Answer 97

- weakness, - anorexia, - diarrhoea, - sunken eyes, - torticollis, - sometimes paralysis - Disturbances in balance (vertigo) - Lying supine

Question 98

necroscopy of renal coccidiosis in geese

Answer 98

enlarged kidney greyish/yellow white foci

Question 99

coccidiosis of cattle

Answer 99

e. zuernii e. bovis

Question 100

pathogen of e. zurenii

Answer 100

schizogony symptoms beofre oocyst shedding

Question 101

pathogen of e. bovis

Answer 101

gametogony symptoms appear at same time as oocyst shedding

Question 102

clinical signs of cattle coccidiosis

Answer 102

diarrhoea haemorrhage mucous or blood in faeces rough hair coats sunken eyes cachexy tenesmus rectal prolapse

Question 103

forms of rabbits coccidiosis

Answer 103

biliary and intestinal

Question 104

cause of biliary coccidiosis in rabbit

Answer 104

e. stiedai

Question 105

clinical signs of biliary coccidiosis in rabbit

Answer 105

pu anorexia wasting digestive problems cirrhosis jaundice

Question 106

diagnosis of biliary coccidiosis in rabbit

Answer 106

faeces or flotation

Question 107

necroscopy of biliary coccidiosis in rabbit

Answer 107

hepatomegaly greyish yellow nodules on live pus or caseous filled lesions

Question 108

histopath of biliary coccidiosis in rabbit

Answer 108

biliary hyperplasia cholangitis bile duct distension

Question 109

cause of intestinal coccidiosis in rabbits

Answer 109

e. intestinalis e. flavescens e. irresidula e. piriformis e. magna e. perforans e. coecicola

Question 110

when is intestinal coccidiosis in rabbits seen

Answer 110

after weaning at age of 1-2months

Question 111

clinical signs of intestinal coccidiosis in rabbits - subcinical

Answer 111

no symptoms

Question 112

clinical signs of intestinal coccidiosis in rabbits

Answer 112

anorexia increased water consumption weight loss emaciation death dehydration diarrhoea

Question 113

diagnosis of intestinal coccidiosis in rabbits

Answer 113

detection of unsporulated oocyst with flotation

Question 114

necroscopy of intestinal coccidiosis in rabbits

Answer 114

catarrhal or haemorrhagic enteritis thickening of mucosa in smal intestine or large pinhead white nodules in ileum - e. magna

Question 115

histopath of intestinal coccidiosis in rabbits

Answer 115

desquamation of mm necorsis of epithelial tissue

Question 116

cause of coccidiosis of pig

Answer 116

isospora suis

Question 117

clinical signs of coccidiosis of pig

Answer 117

diarrhoea never bloody

Question 118

diagnosis of coccidiosis of pig

Answer 118

faecal smears isnt sensitive flotation possible after sporulation autoflourescence

Question 119

no. of sporozoites in sporocyst of coccidiosis of pig

Answer 119

2 sporocysts containing sporozoites

Question 120

necroscopy of coccidiosis of pig

Answer 120

lesions in mucosa of small intestines

Question 121

treatment of coccidiosis of pig

Answer 121

baycox

Question 122

cause of coccidiosis of dog

Answer 122

isospora canis isospora ohioensis isospora burrowsi

Question 123

clinical signs of coccidiosis of dog

Answer 123

diarrhoea - days in kittens. weeks in puppies emaciation anaemia dehydration exsiccosis enteritis

Question 124

in which isospora is there diarrhoea before detecting oocyst in faeces

Answer 124

l. canis

Question 125

detection of coccidiosis of dog

Answer 125

flotation

Question 126

cause of coccidiosis of cat

Answer 126

isospora felis isospora rivolta

Question 127

cause of cryptosporidiosis in mammals

Answer 127

c. parvum c. muris

Question 128

cause of cryptosporidiosis in birds

Answer 128

c. baileyi c. meleagridis

Question 129

size of oocyst in cryptosporidiosis

Answer 129

tiny 5-8um

Question 130

infection of cryptosporidiosis

Answer 130

po water/food borne

Question 131

clinical signs of cryptosporidiosis depend on

Answer 131

parasite host species amount oof ingested sporulated oocyst

Question 132

clinical signs of cryptosporidiosis in mammals

Answer 132

acute diarrhoea watery pasty faeces anorexia fever dehydration death

Question 133

clinical signs of cryptosporidiosis in birds

Answer 133

bursa fabricii atrophy sneezing, coughing, dyspnoe

Question 134

diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis

Answer 134

flotation need microscope mucosa smear immunological methods

Question 135

necroscopy of cryptosporidiosis in mammals

Answer 135

enteral catarrhal in ileum cellular infiltration of propria in abomasum in c. muris

Question 136

necroscopy of cryptosporidiosis in birds

Answer 136

inflammation in airsacs pneumonia sinusitis histo changes in small and large intestines, cloaca, bursa fabricii

Question 137

cause of toxoplasmosis

Answer 137

toxoplasma gondii

Question 138

final host of toxoplasmosis

Answer 138

species of felidae

Question 139

intermediate host of toxoplasmosis

Answer 139

mammals and birds

Question 140

infection of toxoplasmosis

Answer 140

po meat contatin xyst sporulated oocyst galacgogenically transplacental paretnal

Question 141

clinical signs of toxoplasmosis

Answer 141

infection usually latent without clinical signs

Question 142

clinical signs of toxoplasmosis in cats

Answer 142

fever anorexia ocular signs encephalitis enteritis pneumonia

Question 143

clinical signs of toxoplasmosis in dog

Answer 143

jaundice anorexia diarrhoea pneumonia CNS

Question 144

clinical signs of toxoplasmosis in horses

Answer 144

nervous signs

Question 145

clinical signs of toxoplasmosis in pregnant ewes

Answer 145

abortion

Question 146

clinical signs of toxoplasmosis in swine

Answer 146

rarely fever apathy diarrhoea

Question 147

diagnosis of toxoplasmosis

Answer 147

unsporulated oocyst with flotation only in cat faeces sabin feldman dye biopsy, csf tissue culture pcr neuroimaging thallium 201

Question 148

necroscopy of toxoplasmosis

Answer 148

aborted foetus yellowish - white necrotic spots in placenta lymphocytic infiltration of brain foci and granulomas in liver, spleen, lungs, brain of rabbits dissemination in young dogs in conjunciton with rubarth's diseaase, canine distemper

Question 149

cause of besnoitiosis in cattle

Answer 149

besnoitia besnoiti

Question 150

intermediate host of besnoitiosis

Answer 150

cattle or wild ru

Question 151

final host of besnoitiosis

Answer 151

unknown

Question 152

transmission of besnoitiosis

Answer 152

flies

Question 153

clinical signs of acute besnoitiosis

Answer 153

anasarca phase anorexia fever swollen ln rhinitis dyspnoea sc oedema

Question 154

clinical signs of chronic besnoitiosis

Answer 154

scleroderma phase skin thickening wrinkling alopecia abortion and sterility

Question 155

diagnosis of besnoitiosis

Answer 155

cysts in sclera, conjunctiva, mucosa of resp and genitals biopsy of skin serology

Question 156

necroscopy of besnoitiosis

Answer 156

cysts on serosal, mucosal surfaces

Question 157

cause of sarcocytiosis

Answer 157

s. cruzi s. calchasi

Question 158

final host of sarcocytiosis - intestinal sarcosporidiosis

Answer 158

dog cat wild car man

Question 159

intermediate host of sarcocytiosis - muscle sarcosporidiosis

Answer 159

cattle sheep swine horse rabbit

Question 160

clinical signs of sarcocytiosis in carnivores

Answer 160

none

Question 161

clinical signs of sarcocytiosis in man

Answer 161

signs of acute gastrointestinal malaise diarrhoae vomitting shivering sweating fever

Question 162

clinical signs of sarcocytiosis in cattle

Answer 162

anorexia intermittent fever emaciation exophthalmus anaemia reduced milk yield loss of condition dysponoea submandibular oedema enlargement of ln abortion dalmeny disease

Question 163

clinical signs of sarcocytiosis in lambs

Answer 163

anorexia weakeness death abortion anaemia

Question 164

clinical signs of sarcocytiosis in swine

Answer 164

biphasal fever apathy dysponoea anaemia cyanosis muscle spasm abortion

Question 165

diagnosis of sarcocytiosis

Answer 165

in final hosts sporocysts via flotation serodiagnosis procedures antigens

Question 166

necropsy of sarcocytiosis in sheep

Answer 166

cysts wheat- pea size greyish yellowish sarcocysts in wall of oesophagus

Question 167

necropsy of sarcocytiosis in cattle and horse

Answer 167

sarcocysts by naked eye

Question 168

necropsy of sarcocytiosis in general

Answer 168

haemorrhagic diathesis enlarged ln necrotic lesions in liver, kidney and heart small nectrotic cysts in tongue, heart, oesophagus, skeletal muscle oedema fibrosis

Question 169

cause of hepatozoonosis of dog

Answer 169

hepatozoon canis

Question 170

vector of hepatozoonosis

Answer 170

rhipicephalus sanquineus - brown dog tick

Question 171

clinical signs of hepatozoonosis

Answer 171

frequently asymptomatic fever lethargy anorexia emaciation anaemia swelling of ln lachrymation nasal discharge weakness of limbs muscle pain or stiff gait bloody diarrhoae death

Question 172

diagnosis of hepatozoonosis

Answer 172

blood smear - elliptic gamonts

Question 173

necroscopy of hepatozoonosis

Answer 173

in all infected organs - inflammatory infiltrates, necroses

Question 174

cause of babesiosis in equines

Answer 174

b. caballi

Question 175

cause of babesiosis in cattle

Answer 175

b. divergens

Question 176

cause of babesiosis in dogs

Answer 176

b. canis

Question 177

clinical signs of babesiosis

Answer 177

anorexia anaemia fever jaundice haemoglobinuia diarrhoea abortion death intermittent fever

Question 178

pathogenesis of babesiosis

Answer 178

giemsa staining serodiagnostic methods

Question 179

necroscopy of babesiosis

Answer 179

anaemia jaundice splenomegaly sub-epicardial, subendocardial haemorrhage on mucosal surface red and brown red urine in bladder regeneration of liver and kidney catarrhal with petechiae in gi mucosa

Question 180

cause of theileriosis

Answer 180

t. equi t. annulata

Question 181

clinical signs of theileriosis

Answer 181

anorexia anaemia fever digestive problems diarrhoea with mucus and blood swelling of ln petechiae haemorrhages on vulva and under tongue dyspnoea, tachycardia jaundice, emaciation, intermittent fever

Question 182

diagnosis of theileriosis

Answer 182

schizonts in bopsy of ln with giemsa staining merozoites in rbc of blood films with giemsa staining

Question 183

necroscopy of theileriosis

Answer 183

haemorrhages in serous and mucous membranes swelling of ln and spleen ulcer in abomasum and intestine, pulmonary oedema, cachexia

Question 184

cause of encephalitozoonosis

Answer 184

e. cuniculi

Question 185

clinical signs of encephalitozoonosis

Answer 185

usually asymptomatic rarely neurogenic torticollis or wry neck paralysis and seizures iritis, keratis, blindness

Question 186

diagnosis of encephalitozoonosis

Answer 186

detection of spores in urine immunological methods

Question 187

necroscopy of encephalitozoonosis

Answer 187

greyish dents on surface of kidney

Question 188

morphology of apicomplexa

Answer 188

polar rings conoid rhoptries micronemes electrondense granules subpellicular microtubules micropores pellicle

Question 189

Polar ring(s):

Answer 189

thickening of the inner membrane of the pellicle, organizing subpellicular microtubules running backwards. Young sporozoites, merozoites have both anterior and posterior p.r.

Question 190

Conoid:

Answer 190

protrusible, hollow, cone-like structure consisting of spirally coiled microtubules and situated in the polar ring, probably providing mechanical help for host cell penetration

Question 191

Rhoptries:

Answer 191

posteriorly distended, sac-like bodies producing proteolysins, thus providing enzymatical help for host cell penetration; also participating in the formation of the parasitophorous vacuole.

Question 192

Micronemes:

Answer 192

large numbers of small rods producing thrombospondintype proteins for host cell recognition, attachment to it and moving.

Question 193

Electrondense granules:

Answer 193

located in the mid-region of the cell, with protein contents initiating metabolic activity in the parasitophorous vacuole (following exocytosis).

Question 194

Subpellicular microtubules:

Answer 194

originate from the anterior polar ring, playing a role in cell motility

Question 195

Micropore(s):

Answer 195

invagination of the outer layer of the pellicle (plasmalemma), where the double inner membrane is discontinuous and thickened. Feeding organelle (for endocytosis).

Question 196

Pellicle:

Answer 196

outer layer (plasmalemma) continuous, double inner membrane interrupted at the micropore(s) and polar ring(s).

Question 197

stages of host cell invasion by apicomplexes

Answer 197

1. invasive stage 2. exocytosis 3. exocytosed microneme material continues expanding on zoite surface 4. moving junction seals the pv

Question 198

development of apicomplexes

Answer 198

asexualy schizigony --> sexual gametegony --> asexual sporogony

Question 199

coccidia without tissue formation

Answer 199

eimeria

Question 200

development of eimeria

Answer 200

ingestion of sporulated oocysts excystation liberate sporozoites invade epithelial cells of gi mucosa or other organs at the predilection size and become trophozoites

Question 201

what is schizogony

Answer 201

mitosis daughter cells rearrange at periphery sepearation of cytoplasm the schizont containing merozoites ruptures merozoites enter other epithelial cells

Question 202

what is gametogony

Answer 202

the last generation of merozoites differentiate into sexual or hametogonous forms in new host cell

Question 203

macrogamonts

Answer 203

more female precursor form with growth and maturation

Question 204

microgamonts

Answer 204

fewer male precursor form with further schizogony

Question 205

prepatent period of eimeria

Answer 205

4-33days - self limiting

Question 206

prepatent period of chicken coccidiosis

Answer 206

4-6days sporogony within 12-30days

Question 207

when are chicken coccidiosis outbreaks most likely

Answer 207

within 3-6weeks of age

Question 208

location of e. adenoeides

Answer 208

distal ileum, caecum, rectum

Question 209

location of e. meleagrinitis

Answer 209

jejunum

Question 210

location of e. gallopavonis

Answer 210

dist ileum prox caecum rectum

Question 211

location of e. dispersa

Answer 211

small intestine

Question 212

location of e. meleagridis

Answer 212

ileum, dist caecum, rectum

Question 213

location of e. colchici

Answer 213

ileum caecum rectum

Question 214

location of e. phasiani

Answer 214

ileum

Question 215

location of e. duodenalis

Answer 215

duodenum

Question 216

when are pigeons most likely to get coccidiosis

Answer 216

3-4months of age

Question 217

clinical signs of pigeon coccidiosis

Answer 217

anorexia diarrhea dehydration emaciation prolonged moult weakness death

Question 218

location of e. anseris

Answer 218

jejunum ileum

Question 219

location of e. nocens

Answer 219

ileum