Protozoa

Question 1

Amebae=

Answer 1

Entamoeba histolytica

Question 2

Infections of Entamoeba histolytica

Answer 2

Amebiasis= 3rd most common cause of death from parasite

Amebic Dysentery, which can disseminate

Liver abscess (usu develops within 5 mos; responds to metronidazole w/o resection)

Question 3

only one that can eat RBCs!

Answer 3

Entamoeba histolytica ( Amebae)

diagnosis= Trophozoites in tissue or feces

Gal/GalNAc Antigen detected in stool

Question 4

Entamoeba histolytica rx

Answer 4

Colitis or Abscess: Tinidazole or Metronidazole

Luminal Infection: Paromomycin, Iodoquinol

Question 5

3rd most common cause of death from parasite

Answer 5

Amebiasis= Infections of Entamoeba histolytica

Question 6

Giardia lamblia diagnosis

Answer 6

Cysts/trophozoites in stools

Immunofluor or ELISA for antigen in stool

Question 7

Giardia lamblia rx

Answer 7

Tinidazole or Metronidazole

Question 8

Usually sexually transmitted

No cyst forms are found

Answer 8

Trichomonas (Flagellates)

Question 9

Trichomonas life

Answer 9

No cyst forms are found

Pear-shaped trophozoite with 4 anterior flagella and undulating membrane

Question 10

Trichomonas s/s

Answer 10

Females: frothy yellow vaginal discharge, inflammation, itching. strawberry cervix

Males: urethra, seminal vesicles and prostate may be infected; usu asymp but can have white urethral discharge

Question 11

Sleeping Sickness

Answer 11

Flagellates

T. brucei rhodesiense (East Africa) antelope and cattle, acute disease

T. brucei gambiense (West Africa) humans only, chronic disease

Transmitted via Tsetse flies

Question 12

Trypanosoma diagnosis

Answer 12

IgM Ab in CSF is diagnostic for encephalitic phase of illness

Trypomastigote in blood, CSF, or biopsy

Question 13

Trypanosoma Rx

Answer 13

Suramin & Melarsoprol

Sleeping Sickness

Question 14

Chagoma (lesion)

Answer 14

T. cruzi (Flagellates)

at bite
Fever, LAD, HSM, heart damage in 2 weeks –> severe and last for 6 months

Question 15

painless periorbital edema if conjunctiva=portal of entry)

Chronic disease usu dilated cardiomyopathy, thromboembolism

Answer 15

Romana’s sign= T. cruzi (Flagellates)

Question 16

“C” shaped trypanosome in blood is diagnostic

Answer 16

T. cruzi (Flagellates)

Question 17

20 different species cause disease in humans (via 30 types of sandflies)

Answer 17

Leishmania (Flagellates)

Question 18

Nitrofurtimox treats

Answer 18

chaga

Question 19

Leishmania amastigote

Answer 19

no flagella; only in humans

Question 20

Leishmania promastigote

Answer 20

+flagella; only in insects

Question 21

Sodium stibugluconate treats?

Answer 21

Leishmania (Flagellates)

Question 22

Major cause of intractable diarrhea in AIDS pts

Self-limited diarrhea in immunocompetent

Answer 22

Cryptosporidium (Coccidia)

Question 23

can be highly lethal, sx take 3-12 mos; can cause kala azar=black disease where white skin becomes darkly pigmented

Answer 23

Visceral Leishmaniasis

Question 24

Invade young RBCs

Establish a dormant hepatic phase –> late relapses

Answer 24

Plasmodium P. vivax and P. ovale (Coccidia)

Malaria

Natural immunity is short-lived; continual re-infection is required to maintain it

Question 25

Malaria affects > _____ and causes 1-3 million deaths/yr

Answer 25

1 billion

Question 26

Invasde old RBCs

Answer 26

P. malariae (Coccidia) Malaria Natural immunity is short-lived; continual re-infection is required to maintain it

Question 27

Primarily tropics/subtropics Can invade RBCs of all ages=highest parasitemia and mortality

Answer 27

P. falciparum (Coccidia) Malaria Natural immunity is short-lived; continual re-infection is required to maintain it

Question 28

Malaria s/s

Answer 28

anemia hemolysis (black water fever) Jaundice, hypotension, tachycardia hepatosplenomegaly death from multiorgan failure

Question 29

Fever paroxysm with periodicity  Vivax and ovale=48hrs  Malariae= 72 hrs  Falciparum=_____

Answer 29

36-48 hrs

Question 30

Fever paroxyms with periodicity  Vivax and ovale=____  Malariae= 72 hrs  Falciparum=36-48 hrs

Answer 30

48hrs

Question 31

anemia hemolysis (black water fever) Jaundice, hypotension, tachycardia hepatosplenomegaly death from multiorgan failure

Answer 31

Malaria

Question 32

Rapid Antibody test for PfHRP2 or LDH antigens

Answer 32

P. falciparum= diagnosis

Question 33

Fever paroxyms with periodicity  Vivax and ovale=48hrs  Malariae= ____  Falciparum=36-48 hrs

Answer 33

72 hrs

Question 34

Ring forms and all RBC infected; little to no schizonts in smear (they are in the capillaries, bind ECs , prone to thrombus)

Answer 34

P. falciparum= diagnosis

Question 35

Malaria Treatment

Answer 35

Chloroquine Primaquine (latent ovale/vivax) Quinine, Mefloquine, or Malarone for resistant P. falciparum Minimize mosquito contact (i.e. mosquito nets, avoid stagnant water, etc) Vaccines in development, none approved thus far