Protozoa

Question 1

a eukaryotic cell consists of:

Answer 1

nucleus, cell membrane, golgi bodies, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria

Question 2

What features are unique to protozoa?

Answer 2

pellicle (modified cell membrane)
cytostme/cytoproct
contractile vacuoles
trichocysts

Question 3

What does the pellicle do?

Answer 3

it is made up of numerous layers of cell membrane making the cell membrane rigid

Question 4

How do protozoans take in food?

Answer 4

some by diffusion

phagocytosis (intracellular digestion)

Question 5

What is phagocytosis?

Answer 5

membrane bound food vacuole
digestive enzymes secreted into vacuole
wastes discharged when vacuole fused to cell membrane

Question 6

What is a cytostome?

Answer 6

oral region - food intake

Question 7

What is a cytoproct?

Answer 7

wastes discharged

Question 8

How is food moved to the cytostome?

Answer 8

Food is transported by currant created by cilia

Question 9

What is the structure of a flagellum? & how does it move?

Answer 9

9 + 2 microtubules (tubulin rods - actin)
ATP req for movement
movement by contraction of Dynein arms on 1 side of flagellum

Question 10

What does the water evacuation vacuole do?

Answer 10

stores water in cytoplasm until full then expells it

too much H2O will make the cell too dilute or rupture the cell

Question 11

What is a trichocyst?

Answer 11

Held just within the cell it is disharged from the cell vesicle to attach to substrate or food

Question 12

What is a toxicyst?

Answer 12

a modified trichocyst for attacking prey, secretes toxin

Question 13

Why do protozoa not get larger than the 30mm deep sea amoeba?

Answer 13

lacks a circulatory system to move nutrients, wastes & gases
must have enough surface area to support volume through diffusion
cell membrane : cytoplasm ratio

Question 14

What are the 4 major groups in the kingdom Protista?

Answer 14

Flagellates
Amoebas
Ciliates
Spore Formers

Question 15

What are the Flagellate Phyla?

Answer 15

Trichozoa
Euglenozoa
Dinozoa

Question 16

What are the characteristics of Flagellates?

Answer 16

1. 1+ flagellum
2. monomorphic nucleus
3. pellicle or test
4. asexual reproduction: longitudinal fissure
   sexual reproduction: autogamous or flagellated gametes
5. autotrophic or heterotrophic

Question 17

What is autogamy?

Answer 17

a type of sexual reproduction

an individual makes 2 gametes that fuse into a diploid cell

Question 18

Why do flagellates switch between sexual and asexual reproduction?

Answer 18

In sexual reproduction, there are many offspring but some killed due to natural selection, the trade of DNA makes it possible to find a better combination
Asexual reproduction is good for when reproducing under low population & for building population faster.

Question 19

What is the medical importance of flagellates?

Answer 19

Leishmaniasis - blocks spleen or capillaries causing 2ndary infection (gangreen)

Question 20

What is the mortality rate of Sleeping Sickness?

Answer 20

80% if untreated

Question 21

What is chagas disease?

Answer 21

latin american diease, vectored by cone-nosed bug (its digestive system) when its feces is rubbed into the bite of this blood-drinking bug
symptoms: anemia, enlarged heart

Question 22

What are the characteristics of Amoebas?

Answer 22

1. Pseudopods
2. monomorphic nucleus
3. naked, test
4. asexual reproduction: binary fission
   sexual reproduction: autogamous, flagellated gametes

Question 23

What Amoeboid Phyla, are naked?
have a CaCO3 test?
have a silicaceous test?

Answer 23

naked: Amoebozoa
CaCO3 test: Granuloreticulosa
silicaceous test: Radiozoa, Heliozoa

Question 24

How do amoebas feed?

Answer 24

trapping what they run into

Question 25

What are the Pyramids & the White Cliffs of Dover made of?

Answer 25

Foraminifera (Phylum Granuloreticulosa) tests

Question 26

How do Amoebas feed?

Answer 26

through phagocytosis with pseudopods (no pellicle), filter with net-like or spinelike actinopods

Question 27

What is the medical importance of amoebas?

Answer 27

many endosymbiotic or parasitic species

Question 28

What phylum do ciliates belong?

Answer 28

Ciliophora

Question 29

What are the characteristics of Ciliates?

Answer 29

1. Cilia 2. Infraciliature 3. pellicle, test 4. heteromorphic nucleus 5. Asexual reproduction: transverse fissure sexual reproduction: autogamous or conjugation

Question 30

How is the pellicle in ciliates?

Answer 30

thick, giving a fixed shape

Question 31

How is the pellicle in amoebas?

Answer 31

no pellicle, thus non-fixed shape

Question 32

What is the purpose of the infraciliature?

Answer 32

it is composed of microtubules and anchor cilia | found even if it lacks cilia

Question 33

What is the movement that carries food to cytostome called?

Answer 33

metachronal waves coordinated w/o nervous system create water currents

Question 34

What is a heteromorphic nucleus?

Answer 34

it is composed of 2 nuclei | the macronucleus & micronucleus

Question 35

What is the function of the macronucleus in ciliates?

Answer 35

day-to-day processes

Question 36

What is the function of the micronucleus in ciliates?

Answer 36

total genetic information, used during reproduction

Question 37

What is conjugation (reproduction)?

Answer 37

a form of sexual reproduction,where 2 ciliates trade their micronucleus & then later replicate asexually

Question 38

What phylum dp sporeformers belong to?

Answer 38

Sporozoa

Question 39

What are the characteristics of sporozoa?

Answer 39

1. endoparasites 2. pellicle 3. lack flagellum, pseudopods, cilia, have apical complex 4. monomorphic nucleus 5. asexual reproduction (multiple fission) sexual reproduction (flagellated gametes)

Question 40

How do sporozoa move?

Answer 40

undulating their body

Question 41

What is the purpose of the apical complex?

Answer 41

its only present during the infective stage & is used for host penetration

Question 42

What is the medical importance of sporozoa?

Answer 42

all are parasites (Malaria)

Question 43

What does it mean for a sporozoa to have a complex lifecycle?

Answer 43

it has more than 1 host

Question 44

What are the lifecycle stages for malaria?

Answer 44

1. gametocytes - haploid in human/mosquito 2. zygote - diploid in mosquito 3. sporozoites - haploid, in mosquito/human 4. merozoites - haploid in human

Question 45

What lifecycles of malaria are found in the mosquito?

Answer 45

Gametocytes are picked up from RBC fuse in gut wall to become zygotes asexually divide into sporozoites

Question 46

What lifecycles of malaria are found in the human?

Answer 46

sporozoites are injected into human divide into merozoites change into gametocyte in RBC

Question 47

What is the direct filiation theory?

Answer 47

primitive eukaryotes arose from bacteria w/chloroplast (cyanobacteria) other organelles evolved gradually as internal membrane bounded structures later protozoa lost chloroplast

Question 48

What is the serial endosymbiont theory?

Answer 48

endosymbiotic prokaryotes become membrane bound organelles in eukaryotes