Protozoa, NPP, PAM, & Flagellates

Question 1

Why should we learn about NPP’s?

Answer 1

indicates fecal-oral contamination

potential infection with other fecal associated pathogens

Question 2

How can Entamoeba dispar be differentiated from E. histolytica?

Answer 2

differences only at a molecular level

Question 3

What are the sizes of the E. hartmani trophozoite and cyst?

Answer 3

troph = 12-14 microns
cyst = 5-9 microns

Question 4

Where do E. coli trophozoites live?

Answer 4

large intestine

Question 5

How large are the trophozoites from E.coli?

Answer 5

25 microns

Question 6

What does the nucleus of trophozoites from E.coli look like?

Answer 6

peripheral chromatin - clumped

endosome - large, ecentric

Question 7

What is the size of the E.coli cyst?

Answer 7

17 microns

Question 8

How many nuclei are in the mature cyst of E.coli?

Answer 8

1, 2, 4 nuclei

Question 9

Describe the chromatoidal bar found in E.coli.

Answer 9

splintered ends

Question 10

Where is E. gingivalis found in the human?

Answer 10

teeth & gums - safe pockets to reside in

Question 11

What stage is E. gingivalis transmitted and how can transmission occur?

Answer 11

infection by transmission of trophozoites:
direct - kissing
indirect - sharing utensils

Question 12

How can E. gingivalis be identified?

Answer 12

morphology is similar to E. histolytica - main difference in habitat (histolytica is in lungs)
possiblity that E. histolytica can be found in the mouth after coughin

Question 13

What is the size of Endolimax nana?

Answer 13

smallest amoeba in humans

Question 14

Describe the structure of the nucleus and speed of the trophozoite’s movement in Endolimax

Answer 14

9 microns
no peripheral chromatin
large, centric endosome
moves very slowly - “dwarf internal slug”

Question 15

How many nuclei are in the cyst of Endolimax?

Answer 15

4

Question 16

How large is the trophozoite of Iodamoeba butschlii?

Answer 16

10 microns

Question 17

Describe the nucleus of Iodamoeba butschlii.

Answer 17

large endosome surrounded by chromatin grandules

“halo” formation

Question 18

What shape is the cyst in Iodamoeba butschlii?

Answer 18

oval

Question 19

What structure in the Iodamoeba butschlii cyst stains with iodine?

Answer 19

large glycogen vacuole

Question 20

How many nuclei are in the Iodamoeba butschlii cyst?

Answer 20

one

Question 21

What is facultative parasitism?

Answer 21

may resort to parasitic activity, but does not absolutely rely on any host for completion of its life cycle

Question 22

Where does Naegleria fowleri normally live?

Answer 22

found worldwide:
soil, warm freshwater ponds & lakes
heated swimming pools

Question 23

What happens when the Naegleria fowleri organism enters the human nose?

Answer 23

migrate along olfactory nerves & reach brain

Question 24

What does Naegleria fowleri do in the brain?

Answer 24

secrete enzymes

cause hemorrhage & necrosis of brain tissue

Question 25

What disease state does Naegleria fowleri cause?

Answer 25

meningitis & encephalitis | PAM - primary amoebic meningoencephalitis

Question 26

How often does PAM occur?

Answer 26

rare, very serious

Question 27

What are the symptoms of PAM?

Answer 27

stiff neck, headache | light sensitive, fever, seizures

Question 28

How can diagnosis of PAM be made?

Answer 28

lumbar puncture - trophs found in cerebrospinal fluid

Question 29

What drugs are used to treat Naegleria fowleri infection?

Answer 29

Amphotericin B - antifungal, binds to & disrupts troph plasma membrane Rifampin - antibiotic, dirupts transcription miconazole - antigfungal

Question 30

How can Naegleria fowleri infection be controlled?

Answer 30

nose clips or face mask - prevent water from getting up nose blow out water forcefully out of nose pools - chlorine neti pot - used to flush out sinuses by pushing water through water, make sure water is clean and safe (boil)

Question 31

Where are Acanthamoeba spp found?

Answer 31

soil and water

Question 32

What is GAE?

Answer 32

Grandulomatous Amoebic Encephaltis trophs enter host via perivascular route - crawl along outside of blood vessels to CNS damange is less severe than PAM

Question 33

What is acanthamoebic keratitis?

Answer 33

infection of skin | contamination through soil contact

Question 34

What is acanthamoebic uveitis?

Answer 34

infection of eye contamination into contact lenses can lead to blindness, loss of eye if not treated

Question 35

How is Acenthamoeba infection diagnosed and treated?

Answer 35

trophs is cerebrospinal fluid, skin, eye location can indicate the spp treatment is same as PAM

Question 36

What is the function of a flagellum?

Answer 36

allows a cell to move

Question 37

In which phylum are the flagellates classified?

Answer 37

Metamonada

Question 38

Where are flagellates generally found in the human host?

Answer 38

digestive and reproductive tracts

Question 39

Why is infection with Giardia lamblia sometimes called Beaver Fever?

Answer 39

beaver is the reservoir host

Question 40

How many nuclei are in the mature Giardia lamblia cyst?

Answer 40

2

Question 41

Trace the life cycle of the Giardia lamblia parasite.

Answer 41

*

Question 42

What effect does the Giardia lamblia parasite have on the host intestine?

Answer 42

intestinal damage, lesions

Question 43

What is steatorrhea?

Answer 43

fat in feces - smells really bad

Question 44

How is infection with G. lamblia diagnosed?

Answer 44

cysts in feces aspirate fluid from SI to check for trophs entero-test: string test (less invasive)

Question 45

How can G. lamblia infection be treated?

Answer 45

Metronidazole (Flagyl) - inhibits DNA synthesis

Question 46

How can G. lamblia infection be prevented?

Answer 46

drinking water - sand filtration | campers should treat water before drinking

Question 47

A recurrent flagellum often forms a(n) ________.

Answer 47

an undulating membrane. The flagellum is attached to the membrane thus the membrane moves as it moves back and forth pull on it.

Question 48

Do the trichomonads have mitochondria?

Answer 48

no

Question 49

What is a hydrogenosome?

Answer 49

organelle that metaboliza pyruvate - form ATP | end product is H2

Question 50

What stage(s) occur(s) in a trichomonas life cycle?

Answer 50

no cyst stage

Question 51

Where in females and males is Trichomonas vaginalis found?

Answer 51

males - asymptomatic | females - vagina

Question 52

How is the acidic pH of the vagina maintained?

Answer 52

lactic acid producing bacteria

Question 53

Why does the pH go up in a T. vaginalis infection?

Answer 53

T.v. feeds on lactic acid producing bacteria

Question 54

What pathology does T. vaginalis cause in males and females?

Answer 54

inflammation of vaginal epithelium | pain, itching, leucorrhea (mucus)

Question 55

Describe transmission of T. vaginalis.

Answer 55

direct contact - sexual indirect contact - sharing towels, underwear newborns infected when passing through vagina - troph enters through eyes

Question 56

Describe diagnosis of T. vaginalis.

Answer 56

females - vaginal discharges, urine | male - prostate secretions, urine

Question 57

Describe treatment of T. vaginalis.

Answer 57

metronidazole | condom to prevent further sexual transmission