PROTOZOANS Flashcards
(270 cards)
1
Q
Ameba uses this for locomotion
A
pseudopodia
2
Q
Most ameba inhabits (small/large) intestine.
A
Large
3
Q
Entamoeba gingivalis inhabits ________.
A
mouth/oral cavity
4
Q
Nucleus of ameba is _________ (has holes or spaces inside)
A
vesicular
5
Q
The only pathogenic amebae
A
E. histolytica
6
Q
motile or vegetative stage of protozoa
A
trophozoite
7
Q
Trophozoites are seen in (formed/watery) stool.
A
watery
8
Q
Trophozoites are (labile/resistant).
A
labile
9
Q
This is used to stain protozoan trophozoites to visualize the nucleus
A
Methylene blue (Nair’s or Quensel’s)
10
Q
Nonmotile stage of protozoa
A
Cyst
11
Q
Cysts are (labile/resistant).
A
resistant
12
Q
The infective stage for most ameba
A
Cyst
13
Q
Immature cysts are termed as:
A
pre-cyst
14
Q
Mature cysts are termed as:
A
metacysts
15
Q
Most cysts are seen in (watery/formed) stool.
A
formed
16
Q
Cysts are usually stained with _________.
A
Lugol’s Iodine and D’Antoni’s iodine
17
Q
TRUE or FALSE:
Trophozoites are stained with Lugol’s iodine.
A
FALSE
Note:
Iodine is toxic to trophozoites
18
Q
Cyst to trophozoite
A
Excystation
19
Q
Trophozoite to cyst
A
Encystation
20
Q
In the process of excystation, pH must be:
A
alkaline/neutral
NOTE: acidic pH does not favor formation of trophozoites
21
Q
Pathogenic ameba multiplies by means of ________.
A
binary fission
22
Q
E. histolytica habitat
A
large intestine
23
Q
no. of nucleus of E. histolytica trophozoite
A
1
24
Q
no. of nucleus of E. histolytica cyst
A
4
25
E. histolytica karyosome
centrally located
26
E. histolytica peripheral chromatin
Fine, evenly distributed
27
E. histolytica has ___________ appearance of pseudopodia
Finger-like
28
This structure present in E. histolytica indicates presence of ingested red blood cells
Hematophagus
29
This serves as food reserves or energy stores of E. histolytica cyst
Chromatoidal bar
30
Shape of chromatoidal bar of E. histolytica cyst
sausage/cigar-shaped
31
E. histolytica troph motility
unidirectional, progressive
32
E. histolytica is most prevalent in (temperate/tropical) regions
tropical
33
E. histolytica grows at what temp
37 degC
34
previously referred to as Laredo strain
E. moshkovskii
35
E. dispar, E. moshkovskii, and E. bagladeshi are all non pathogenic E. histolytica look-alikes. They all grow at what temperature?
room temp
36
What virulence factor of E. histolytica is used for attachment
Gal/GalNAc lectin
37
What virulence factor of E. histolytica is used to create holes on lining of large intestine
Amebapores
38
What virulence factor of E. histolytica is used for tissue disruption and spread of infection (allows penetration)
cysteine proteases
39
drug of choice for symptomatic cases of E. histolytica infection
Metronidazole
40
drug of choice for asymptomatic cases of E. histolytica infection
Diloxanide furoate
41
no. of nucleus of E. coli troph
1
42
no. of nucleus of E. coli cyst
up to 8
43
E. coli karyosome
eccentric
44
E. coli peripheral chromatin
coarse, rough
45
Appearance of E. coli troph include (dirty-looking/fine) cytoplasm.
dirty-looking
46
TRUE or FALSE:
E. coli troph has blunt, wider appearance of pseudopodia
TRUE
47
Broom stick/splinter chromatoidal bar
E. coli
48
E. coli motility
non-progressive, multi/non-directional
49
Small race of E. histolytica
E. hartmanni
50
no. of nucleus of E. hartmanni troph
1
51
no. of nucleus of E. hartmanni cyst
1-2
NOTE: Mature cysts may have 1-4
52
E. hartmanni karyosome
centrally located
53
E. hartmanni peripheral chromatin:
A. dirty-looking
B. fine, evenly distributed
B. fine, evenly distributed
54
diffuse, glycogen vacuole/mass
E. hartmanni
55
E. hartmanni motility
sluggish, non-progressive
56
The ameba of pigs and monkeys
E. polecki
57
E. polecki is the most common parasite in which country?
Papua New Guinea
58
E. polecki is an example of this type of infection which pertains to infections that can be passed from animals to humans
Zoonotic infection
59
no. of nucleus of E. polecki troph
1
60
no. of nucleus of E. polecki cyst
1
61
E. polecki karyosome:
A. centrally located
B. eccentric
A. centrally located
62
Angular/pointed chromatoidal bar
E. polecki
63
E. polecki motility
unidirectional, progressive, sluggish
64
This entamoeba infection is seen in apes and monkeys
E. chattoni
65
The smallest intestinal amebae
E. nana
NOTE:
as small as RBCs (6-8 um)
66
E. nana is (commensal/pathogenic).
commensal
67
no. of nucleus of E. nana troph
1
68
no. of nucleus of E. nana cyst
4
69
large, irregular, "blot-like" karyosome is characteristic of what protozoa
E. nana
70
Oval, cross-eyed cyst is characteristic of which protozoa:
E. nana
71
E. nana troph motility
unidirectional, non-progressive, sluggish
72
TRUE or FALSE:
I. butschlii is ameba of swines.
TRUE
NOTE:
Swines/pigs
73
no. of nucleus of I. butschlii troph
1
74
no. of nucleus of I. butschlii cyst
1
75
I. butschlii karyosome
A. centrally located
B. eccentric
B. eccentric
76
I. butschlii peripheral chromatin
none
77
Which protozoa has the characteristic "basket of flowers" appearance
I. butschlii
78
The glycogen vacuole of I. butschlii is visualized through the use of which stain?
Iodine
79
I. butschlii motility
sluggish, non-progressive
80
TRUE or FALSE:
E. gingivalis has a cyst stage.
FALSE
NOTE: Only trophozoite stage
81
Protozoa seen in cases of pyorrhea alveolaris
E. gingivalis
82
no. of nucleus E. gingivalis troph
1
83
E. gingivalis peripheral chromatin
fine, evenly distributed
84
E. gingivalis is capable of ingesting which type of cells?
White blood cells
85
TRUE or FALSE:
Most cases of E. histolytica infections are asymptomatic.
TRUE
NOTE: 90% of cases
86
Incubation period of E. histolytica infection
1-4 weeks
87
Which protozoa is associated with formation of flask-shaped ulcers
E. histolytica
88
Protozoa associated with tenesmus
E. histolytica
89
Protozoa associated with liver aspirates compared to anchovy sauce
E. histolytica
90
Extraintestinal diseases caused by E. histolytica
Amebic Liver Abscess
Cutaneous Amebiasis
Secondary Amebic Meningoencephalitis
91
Amebiasis or Bacterial dysentery:
Fishy smell of stool
Amebiasis
92
Amebiasis or Bacterial dysentery:
involves high grade fever
Bacterial dysentery
93
Amebiasis or Bacterial dysentery:
Charcot Leyden crystals present
Amebiasis
94
Amebiasis or Bacterial dysentery:
Numerous number of WBCs
Bacterial dysentery
95
Amebiasis or Bacterial dysentery:
No foul-smelling stool involved
Bacterial dysentery
96
Amebiasis or Bacterial dysentery:
Marked frequency of passing of stool
Bacterial dysentery
97
Amebiasis or Bacterial dysentery:
Fresh blood in stool
Bacterial dysentery
98
Amebiasis or Bacterial dysentery:
Gradual onset
Amebiasis
99
Free-living pathogenic amebae are (obligate/facultative).
Facultative
NOTE: Has free-living and parasitic phase
100
Two primary free-living pathogenic amebae
Naegleria fowleri
Acanthamoeba spp.
101
Family of Naegleria fowleri
Vahlkampfidae
102
TRUE or FALSE:
Naegleria fowleri has an ameba and flagellate form.
TRUE
103
The only Naegleria spp. that can infect humans
Naegleria fowleri
104
Naegleria fowleri thrive best in hot springs and other warm aquatic environments. This is termed as:
thermophilic
105
N. fowleri troph replicate by:
promitosis
106
TRUE or FALSE:
N. fowleri cyst is found only in the environment.
TRUE
107
N. fowleri number of anterior flagella in ameboflagellate form
2
108
Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis is caused by which protozoan?
N. fowleri
109
CSF analysis for is (specific/non-specific) for N. fowleri identification.
Non-specific
110
INCREASED or DECREASED in N. fowleri infection:
a. CSF glucose
b. protein
c. White blood cells
a. decreased
b. increased
c. increased
111
drug of choice for N. fowleri infection
Amphotericin B with clotrimazole
112
TRUE or FALSE:
In N. fowleri infection, most people die even before effective treatment
TRUE
113
Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis is similar (indistinguishable) from which disease?
Bacterial meningitis
114
Most common species Acanthamoeba spp.
Acanthamoeba castellani
115
Most common species Acanthamoeba spp.
Acanthamoeba castellani
116
This free-living amebae can survive even in contact lens solution
Acanthamoeba spp.
117
Acanthamoeba spp. can serv as reservoir hosts for medically important bacteria including:
Legionella spp., Mycobacteria, E. coli
118
Acanthamoeba spp. infective stage
Troph and cysts
119
Karyosome of Acanthamoeba trophozoite is (centrally located/eccentric).
Centrally located
120
Thorn-like appendages is characteristic of which protozoa?
Acanthamoeba spp.
121
Acanthamoeba spp:
Inner wall:
Outer wall:
Inner: polygonal
Outer: wrinkled
122
Acanthamoeba spp. eats (gram-negative/gram-positive) bacteria
Gram-negative
123
Acanthamoeba Keratitis may be mistaken for which disease?
Herpes keratitis
NOTE:
Herpes keratitis: no ocular pain
Acanthamoeba keratitis: severe ocular pain
124
Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis is associated with which parasite?
Acanthamoeba spp.
Balamuthia mandrillaris*
125
Corneal scrapings for Acanthamoeba ID is stained with _____.
Calcofluor white
126
Cutaneous lesions (presence of hard erythematous nodules) may be caused by which free-living pathogenic amebae?
Acanthamoeba spp.
127
Main virulence factor of N. fowleri
Amebostomes (food cups)
NOTE:
Other virulence factor include lytic enzymes, pore-forming proteins, induction of apoptosis and direct feeding of ameba
128
Family of Balamuthia mandrillaris
Leptomyxidae
129
Characteristic wavy appearance of cysts is associated with which free-living amebae?
Balamuthia mandrillaris
130
B. mandrillaris trophozoites appearance
branching
131
Free-living amebae that can cause amebic encephalitis
N. fowleri (PAM)
Acanthamoeba spp. (GAE)
Sappinia diploidea
Hartmanella vermiformis
132
Intestinal flagellate that inhabit the small intestine
Giardia lamblia
133
Most intestinal flagelates inhabits?
Large intestine
134
T. tenax inhabits which part of the body?
Mouth
135
Intestinal flagellates that do not undergo encystation
T. vaginalis
D. fragilis
136
Intestinal flagellates reproduce by means of:
binary fission
137
Other names of G. lamblia
G. intestinalis, G. duodenalis
138
IS of G. lamblia
cyst
139
Reservoir hosts of G. lamblia
Beavers
140
TRUE or FALSE:
G. lamblia has low infective dose
TRUE
NOTE:
Need to ingest only 8-10 cysts
141
G. lamblia prefers what pH?
Alkaline
142
no. of nucleus G. lamblia troph
2 (ovoidal)
143
no. of nucleus G. lamblia cyst
4
144
Identify the parasite associated with:
Old man's face with eyeglasses
G. lamblia
145
Shape of G. lamblia troph
Pear/Pyriform
146
Main virulence factor of G. lamblia
ventral sucking disc
147
how many pairs of flagella does the G. lamblia trophozoite possess?
4 pairs
NOTE:
1 pair anterior
2 pairs lateral
1 pair posterior
148
Energy structures of G. lamblia is pertained to as:
Parabasal bodies
149
Parabasal bodies of G. lamblia troph is characterized by ______________ shape.
Clawhammer
150
Gay Bowel Syndrome is associated with which intestinal flagellate?
G. lamblia
151
Rotten eggs odor of stool is associated with which protozoa?
G. lamblia
152
Blood type at higher risk for contracting Giardiasis
A
153
Drug of choice for G. lamblia infection
Metronidazole
154
To prevent Giardiasis, water must be cleansed with?
Iodine
NOTE: Chlorine cannot kill cysts
155
G. lamblia reproduction is via:
binary fission
156
Transmission of Giardia can occur via which helminth eggs?
Ascaris, Enterobius
157
D. fragilis is a:
A. Ameba
B. Flagellate
C. Ameboflagellate
C. Ameboflagellate
158
IS of D. fragilis
Troph
159
Habitat of D. fragilis
Large intestine
160
D. fragilis MOT
Oral-fecal
161
D. fragilis is closely related to which parasite?
Trichomonas
162
Helminth eggs that act as carriers of D. fragilis
Ascaris, Enterobius
163
D. fragilis reproduce via:
Binary fission
164
No. of nuclei D. fragilis
2
NOTE: DIentamoeba
165
Characteristic appearance of D. fragilis karyosome
Rosette
166
D. fragilis is (labile/resistant).
LABILE
NOTE: FRAGILE = fragilis
167
TRUE or FALSE:
D. fragilis has no visible flagella
TRUE
168
Appearance of D.fragilis pseudopodia
Angular
169
D. fragilis troph motility
Non-progressive
170
In diagnosing D. fragilis infection, specimen are fixed with?
PVA or Schaudinn's
171
drug of choice for D. fragilis infection
Iodoquinol
172
IS of C. mesnili
cyst
173
Excystation of C. mesnili happens in the (small/large) intestine
small
174
no. of nucleus C. mesnili troph
1
175
no. of nucleus C.mesnili cyst
1
176
Twisted jaw appearance of trophozoite is associated with which parasite?
C. mesnili
177
American lemon appearance of cyst is associated with which parasite?
C. mesnili
178
no. of flagella C. mesnili troph
4
NOTE:
3 anterior
1 near cytostome
179
Cytostomal fibril of C. mesnili has a characteristic _______ appearance
Shepherd's crook
180
The protruding structure of C. mesnili is termed as:
Hyaline knob
181
Boring, rotary, corkscrew troph motility is associated with?
C. mesnili
182
Enteromonas hominis has a similar life cycle to which parasite?
C. mesnili
R. intestinalis
183
IS of E. hominis
Cyst
184
no. of nucleus E. hominis troph
1
185
no. of nucleus E. hominis cyst
2-4
186
no. of flagella E. hominis troph
4
NOTE:
3 anterior
1 posterior
187
E. hominis troph motility
Jerky
188
IS of R. intestinalis
Cyst
189
no. of nucleus R. intestinalis troph
1
190
no. of nucleus R. intestinalis cyst
1
191
R. intestinalis cytostome appearance
cleft-like
192
No. of flagella R. intestinalis troph
2
NOTE:
1 anterior
1 posterior
193
R. intestinalis cyst shape
pear-shaped/slightly lemon-shape
194
R. intestinalis cytostomal fibril (cyst) appearance
Bird's beak
195
R. intestinalis troph motility
Jerky
196
Pathogenic and largest among urogenital flagellates
T. vaginalis
197
Trichomoniasis causative agent
T. vaginalis
198
T. vaginalis MOT
sexual contact
infant delivery (during delivery only)
199
T. vaginalis reproduction is via:
longitudinal binary fission
200
The most prevalent nonviral sexually transmitted infection
T. vaginalis
201
No. of nucleus T. vaginalis troph
1
202
T. vaginalis troph appearance
pyriform, pear-shaped
203
no. of flagella T. vaginalis troph
5
NOTE:
4 anterior
1 embedded in undulating membrane
204
Wave-like structure of T. vaginalis that functions for motility is termed as:
Undulating membrane
205
Undulating membrane of T. vaginalis is ____ of body length.
1/2
206
The undulating membrane of T. vaginalis is attached to the body of parasite via:
Costa
207
T vaginalis has paraxostylar granules or ______.
siderophil granules
208
T. vaginalis troph motility
Jerky tumbling
209
T. vaginalis incubation period
4-28 days
210
Symptomatic cases of Trichomoniasis occurs in (females/males).
Females
NOTE:
About 70% symptomatic (females)
Males: asymptomatic
211
TRUE or FALSE:
Atypical pelvic inflammatory disease caused by T. vaginalis can lead to sterility.
TRUE
212
Strawberry cervix is associated with which parasite?
T. vaginalis
213
Infants infected by T. vaginalis can get which disease?
Neonatal pneumonia
214
T. vaginalis virulence factor that is used to bind to vaginal epithelial cells
Adhesins
215
T. vaginalis thrives in what pH?
Alkaline
216
T. vaginalis has a symbiotic relationship with which bacteria?
Mycoplasma hominis
217
Drug of choice for Trichomoniasis
Metronidazole
218
Pentatrichomonas hominis former name
Trichomonas hominis
219
no. of nucleus P. hominis troph
1
220
no. of flagella P. hominis troph
5
NOTE:
4 anterior
1 posterior
221
P. hominis cytostome is described as?
Conical
222
P. hominis undulating membrane occupies ____ of body length
whole/full
223
P. hominis troph motility
Jerky
224
T. tenax habitat
mouth
225
Smallest among Trichomonas spp.
T. tenax
226
TRUE or FALSE:
T. tenax is resistant in changing temp
TRUE
227
Drug of choice in treating T. tenax
Metronidazole
228
no. of nucleus T. tenax troph
1
229
T. tenax appearance
Pyriform
230
no. of flagella T. tenax troph
5
NOTE:
4 anterior
1 posterior
231
T. tenax undulating membrane occupies _______ of body length.
2/3
232
T. tenax motility
Jerky
233
Largest protozoan infecting man
B. coli
234
Most common reservoir hosts of B. coli
Pigs
235
The only ciliate known to cause human disease
B. coli
236
no. of nuclei B. coli troph
2
Macro, micro
237
B. coli nucleus for sexual reproduction
Micronucleus
238
B. coli nucleus for asexual reproduction and vegetative function
Macronucleus
239
B. coli macronucleus shape
Kidney-shaped
240
no. of nucleus B. coli cyst
2
241
B. coli troph shape
Ellipsoid, tapered in anterior portion
242
E. coli cyst shape
spherical/ovoidal
243
Oral apparatus of B. coli is termed?
Cytostome
244
Anus of B. coli is termed?
Cytopyge
245
Contractile vacuoles of B. coli troph functions for?
Osmoregulation
246
B. coli cyst is (single-walled/double-walled).
Double walled
247
Cilia of B. coli is (inside/outside) the cyst wall
Inside
248
B. coli troph motility
Thrown-ball
249
B. coli incubation period
4-5 days
250
Balantidial Dysentery is associated with which parasite?
B. coli
251
Wide and rounded flask-shaped ulcers
B. coli
252
B. coli virulence factor
hyaluronidase
253
Three clinical manifestations of B. coli
Asymptomatic
Acute
Chronic
254
TRUE or FALSE:
B. coli may cause extraintestinal spread
TRUE
255
B. hominis belong to what group?
Stramenopiles
256
B. hominis is previously known as?
Blastomyces
257
IS of B. hominis
cyst
258
most prdominant form of B. hominis
Classic vacuolated form
259
Morphologic forms of B. hominis
Classic vacuolated
Granular
Multivacuolar
Avacuolar
Ameboid
Cyst
260
Most common subtype of B. hominis infecting men
subtype 3
261
Malarial parasites belong to what phylum?
Apicomplexa
262
Sexual stage/cycle of malarial parasites is termed as?
Sporogony
263
Asexual stage/cycle of malarial parasites is termed as:
Schizogony
264
Vector of malarial parasites
Female Anopheles minimus flavirostris
265
IH of Plasmodium
Man
266
Plasmodium FH
Mosquito (Female Anopheles minimus flavirostris)
267
Plasmodium habitat in man
Liver and red blood cells
268
Plasmodium IS to man:
Sporozoites
269
Plasmodium IS to mosquito:
Gametocytes
270
Plasmodium MOT
Mosquito bite
Blood transfusion
Congenital
