Protozoans

Question 1

• Eukaryotic organisms (possesses nucleus and organelles)
• Varies in shape, size locomotion
• Reproduce asexually (binary fission) or asexually and
  sexually (in Plasmodium species)
• Do not possess cell walls (only found in bacteria, plants, and
  fungi)
• Consist of nucleus and cytoplasm

Answer 1

Protozoans

Question 2

Region of cytoplasm that is for metabolism and nutrition

Answer 2

Endoplasm

Question 3

Region of cytoplasm that is For structure and protection

Answer 3

Ectoplasm

Question 4

Give Species under Sarcodina

Answer 4

Entamoeba
Iodamoeba
Endolimax
Acanthamoeba
Naegleria Fowleri

Question 5

• Ameba
• Possesses pseudopodia used for locomotion
• Inhabits the large intestine except for E. gingivalis (inhabits
  the mouth/oral cavity)

Answer 5

Sarcodina

Question 6

• MOT: ingestion of infective cyst
• Habitat: large intestine
• Only pathogenic amoeba
• Subphylum Sarcodina, superclass Rhizopoda, class Lobosea, order Amoebida, family Entamoebidae
• Cyst is resistant to gastric acidity and desiccation, can survive in a moist environment for several weeks
• Trophozoites multiply by binary fission
• spherical nucleus, distinct nuclear membrane lined with chromatin granules, small karyosome near center of nucleus

Answer 6

Entamoeba histolytica

Question 7

Clean looking cytoplasm

Answer 7

E.histolytica

Question 8

• Transmitted via ingestion of infective cyst * More common than other human ameba
• dirty looking

Answer 8

E.coli

Question 9

-Motility: Unidirectional & progressive -1 pseudopod (finger-like) -Endoplasm: w/ RBC but no bacteria or cell detritus (clean-looking) -Nucleus: not visible when stained; consists of thin nuclear membrane w/ layer of uniformly sized fine chromatin granules distributed along inside the border of nuclear memb. -Karyosome: fine, centrally located (Bull’s eye)

Answer 9

E.Histolytica

Question 10

DOC E.histolytica

Answer 10

Metronidazole

Question 11

-Motility: several directions, sluggish -Many pseudopods (blunt & rounded) -Endoplasm: w/ bacteria, yeasts and cell detritus (dirty-looking)
-Nucleus: when stained, consists of thicker nuclear membrane w/ layer of variously sized chromatin granules unevenly distributed along the inside border of nuclear membrane -Karyosome: large, eccentrically located

Answer 11

E.coli

Question 12

Smallest amoeba
Size = RBC
[Trophozoite]
-Karyosome: large round dot [Cyst]
-Usually oval
-Nuclei: 4 (cross-eyed)

Answer 12

Endolimax nana

Question 13

[Trophozoite]
-Karyosome: w/ cluster of achromatic granules [Cyst]
-Large iodine-staining glycogen vacuole

Answer 13

Ioadmoeba butschlii

Question 14

Associated w/ gum infection
[Trophozoite]
Karyosome: small and centrally located
Pseudopodia: similar to E. histolytica but does not exhibit true progressive locomotion

Answer 14

E. gingivalis

Question 15

• Ameba of pigs and monkeys
• Most common parasite in Papua New Guinea
• May resemble other Entamoeba species
• Zoonotic infection: can be passed from animals to humans

Answer 15

E.polecki

Question 16

Small race of E.histolytica

Answer 16

E.hartmanni

Question 17

liver aspirate (like anchovy sauce) where you can find
trophozoites
o Can lead to rupture into the pericardium, rupture into the pleura, super infection, and
intraperitoneal rupture
* Cardinal signs: fever and right upper quadrant pain
* Tender liver (tender: painful when you touch or palpate)
* Hepatomegaly (abnormal enlargement of liver)

Answer 17

ALA

Question 18

• Found inhabiting lakes, pools, tap water, air conditioning units, and heating units
  
  • Parasites are facultative (with a free-living and parasitic phase)

Answer 18

FREE-LIVING PATHOGENIC AMEBAE

Question 19

Infective stage of Free Living Amebae

Answer 19

Trophozoites

Question 20

• Belongs to family Vahlkampfiidae
• Free-living ameboflagellate (has an ameba and flagellate form)
• Trophozoites replicate by promitosis
• Cyst found only in the environment
• Enters the body through the olfactory epithelium, respiratory tract, and the skin and sinuses
• Targets the brain tissue (trophozoite goes straight to the brain)

Answer 20

N. fowleri

Question 21

N.Fowleri was discovered by

Answer 21

Malcolm fowler

Question 22

Stages of N.fowleri

Answer 22

Cyst, Trophozoites, Flagella

Question 23

o Inflammation of meninges in the brain
o Can affect healthy people, fast progression o Very fatal
o When you swim in contaminated pools, lakes, and rivers
o Signs and symptoms: headache, fever, nausea, vomiting, nuchal rigidity, rhinitis, lethargy, olfactory
problems, mental status changes, mental confusion, coma
o Incubation period: 2-3 days or 1-2 weeks
o Patients usually dead after 1 week
o Brain has hemorrhaging (has lots of WBCs, especially neutrophils) o Usually diagnosed post-mortem

Answer 23

PAM

Question 24

DOC of N.fowleri

Answer 24

Ampthericin B

Question 25

* Family Acanthamoebidae * Acanthamoeba castellani (most common); A. culbertsoni; A. hutchetti; A. polyphaga; A. rhysoides * Free-living ameba * Aquatic organism * Found in a myriad of natural and artificial environments * Can survive even in contact lens solutions * Both trophozoite and cyst are its infective stages * Trophozoites reproduce by binary fission

Answer 25

Acanthamoeba

Question 26

Who discovered Acanthamoeba

Answer 26

Aldo Castellani

Question 27

Trojan horse of the microbial worls

Answer 27

Acanthamoeba

Question 28

o Usually diagnosed after death/ post-mortem o AIDS patients have the highest risk of acquiring this o Not as common as other infections of the CNS like Cryptococcus meningitis and toxoplasmosis o Can rarely be demonstrated in Cerebrospinal fluid -destruction of brain tissue

Answer 28

GAE

Question 29

Culture for N. Fowleri

Answer 29

Balamuth medium

Question 30

Culture for Acanthamoeba

Answer 30

Axenic Culture

Question 31

DOC of Acanthamoeba

Answer 31

Propamidine Isethionate

Question 32

* Family Leptomyxidae * New species causing amebic meningoencephalitis * Also causes Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis (GAE) * Cysts have a characteristic wavy appearance * Trophozoites are branching * Almost the same appearance with Acanthamoeba * Both cysts and trophozoites can be seen in the brain (when infected) - babes nodules

Answer 32

Balamuthia mandrillaris

Question 33

Less Serious GAE, discovered by Max Hartmann and Kurt Nagler

Answer 33

Sappinia diploidea

Question 34

By Dangeard, acts as vehicle of aeruginosa and pneumophila

Answer 34

Hartmanella