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First Aid > Provide First Aid > Flashcards

Provide First Aid Flashcards

1
Q

What happens when your body gets too hot?

A

You can experience heat cramps, heat exhaustion and heatstroke. These are heat-induced conditions.

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2
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of heat cramps?

Why does heat cramps occur?

A

Muscle cramps
Swelling

Dehydration -> changes in salt concentration in the blood -> K+ is needed for muscle relaxation

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3
Q

How do you manage heat cramps?

A

Take casualty to cool environment and give them cool water drink.

Apply ice pack on muscle area
Gently stretch the affected muscle

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4
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion?

A

Headache (d/t vasodilation which leads to drop in bp)
Nausea
Tachy and weak pulse (SNS activation)
Pale, Cool and clammy skin (SNS causes peripheral vasoconstriction so no warm arterial blood at the skin )
Weak and fatigue

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5
Q

How do you manage heat exhaustion?

A
  • Cool environment and give cool water to drink
  • Sponge with cold water
  • Loosen tight clothing
  • Get medical aid if the casualty is vomiting (more fluid loss not good) or does not recover quickly
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6
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of heatstroke?

A

This is when the casualty’s body temp is 40 degrees and more. But note that body temp = or > 38.5 is hyperthermia and considered dangerous.

  • Vertigo (you feel dizzy or your surroundings start to look fuzzy. This appears when your sense of equilibrium is compromised)
  • Irritable
  • Flushed and dry skin
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7
Q

How do you manage a patient with heatstroke?

A

Cool environment and give them cool water or electrolyte drink if they are conscious

Remove almost all clothing
Apply ice packs or cold compress to their neck, armpits and groin
Cover body with a wet sheet and if available have a fan directed to the wet sheet to increase circulation
Call the ambulance a

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8
Q

What are the two categories of diabetic emergencies?

A

Hypoglycemia

Hyperglycaemia

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9
Q

What can hypoglycemia be a result of?

A

Hypoglycemia is low blood sugar. This means there are not enough glucose in blood.

What can cause less glucose in the blood?
- Insulin is doing its job too well in allowing excess glucose from the bloodstream into cells (overdose of insulin)
- Inadequate food intake (“I haven’t eaten for the past hours”)
-

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10
Q

What can hyperglycaemia be a result of?

A

A person with known diabetes forgetting to take their insulin

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11
Q

How do you manage a patient with hypoglycaemia?

A

Give the casualty sugary drink

Continue every 15 min until they recover

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12
Q

How do you manage a patient with hyperglycaemia?

A

Patient with a BGL greater than 7 has hyperglycaemia.

  • Have the casualty administer their insulin
  • Assist them if required but do not self-administer
  • Give them unsweetened no sugary liquids
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13
Q

You have a casualty who you think is suffering a diabetic emergency, but you’re unsure if they are hypo/hyperglycaemia. What do you do?

A

Give the patient sugary drink in case it is a hypoglycaemia because this is more dangerous than hyperglycaemia.

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14
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia?

A

A patient with hypoglycemia is a drunk and sympathetic Dracula.

  • Pale and tachy weak pulse
  • Diaphoretic
  • May appear drunk
  • Appear confused or aggressive
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15
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of a patient with hyperglycemia?

A

A pt with high bgl means there is less water and more salts in the bloodstream.

  • Thirsty
  • Frequent urination to get rid of excess salts
  • Dry skin
  • Breath smells of acetone
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16
Q

How do you manage a patient who has fainted?

A

Patient who fainted, breathing but unconscious: Recovery position

Once a casualty regains consciousness:

  • Lie them flat on their back with their legs raised and supported using your lap
  • Loosen any tight clothing
  • Ensure fresh air by opening a window. If the casualty is surrounded by people, get them to move away to allow fresh air to flow
  • Go through primary survey including head-to- toe touch to look for signs of injuries
  • Get a secondary survey. SAMPLE with importance on Last Meal and Drink

After they have recovered, let them rest for some minutes before moving.

Advise them to see a doctor about fainting, especially if they have a medical condition that may have caused the incident.

17
Q

What are signs and symptoms of fainting?

A

Feeling lightheaded, dizzy or nauseated
Pale, cool and moist skin (SNS)
Numbness in fingers or toes

18
Q

What are the types of fractures?

A

Open fracture: the bone is broken and pierces through the skin
Closed fracture
Complicated fracture: the bone is broken with associated injury to nerves or blood vessel

19
Q

What damage does a fracture cause besides bones?

A

Muscle damage, skin damage and blood vessel damage

20
Q

What are the aims of managing a fracture?

A
  • Immobilise the injured part
  • Control bleeding
  • manage shock
  • reduce pain
  • prevent further internal and external damage including preventing a closed fracture to an open fracture
21
Q

What are the priorities for managing a fracture?

A

Immobilization + seeking medical aid

22
Q

A casualty has fractured their leg. What do you do?

A
  1. Primary survey
  2. Control any bleeding and cover any wounds
  3. Ask the casualty to keep still as possible to prevent further internal and external damage
  4. Check for other fractures
  5. Immobilize fractures with broad bandages + seek medical aid
    Manage shock
23
Q

What are the sign and symptoms of a fracture?

A
  • they heard or felt the break occur or they heard a grating sound is heard or felt
  • history of falling or being hit I.e History
  • Deformity
  • Pain and tenderness at or near the site of injury
  • Swelling
  • Redness
  • Loss of function

Inflammation will follow a fracture so the cardinal signs of inflammation will show. Inflammation is a red hot swollen pain + loss of function

24
Q

What is a dislocation and what are the priorities of managing them?

A

one or more bones is displaced at a joint.

Priorities: Support injured area + apply ice packs

25
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of a dislocation?

A
  • Pain at or near the site of injury
  • Tenderness in the area around the joint
  • deformity
  • swelling with discoloration
  • abnormal mobility
  • difficulty or impossible to move the joint
26
Q

A person dislocated their shoulder. What do you do?

A
  1. Primary survey
  2. Do not fix the dislocation. It is not the first aider’s role.
  3. Check circulation; if absent call the ambulance
  4. Support the injured area
    - Position of least discomfort
  5. Apply ice packs to the injured area
27
Q

What should you be thinking of a patient who has had a head injury?

A

No head injury should be disregarded because mild head injuries can lead to complications because of injury to the brain.

28
Q

How do you manage a patient who sustained a head injury?

A

Priorities as a first aider: Keep the patient comfortable and control bleeding

  1. Comfortable position with their head and shoulders slightly raised. Use a pillow
  2. Support their head and neck in neutral alignment during movement. Avoid any twisting as they could have a spinal injury.
  3. Control bleeding without direct pressure to the skull in case of a depressed fracture
    - If blood or fluid comes from the ear, cover with dressing and if possible, lie them on their injured side to allow the fluid to drains
29
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of head injury?

A 
Hx of the injury 
Visible wounds to the scalp or the face
Headache 
Dizziness
Loss of memory 
Confusion 
Altered or or abnormal responses to commands or touch

In more complicated injuries:

  • Check pupil size —> pupils may be unequal in size and blurred vision
  • Blood appearing from nose or ears
30
Q

What can be present if a serious head injury is present

A

Neck or spinal injury

31
Q

An unconscious casualty as result of a head injury should be presumed to have what?

A

A spinal injury

32
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of spinal injuries?

A
  • Hx
  • Pain
  • Absent or altered sensation E.g Parasthesia in the hands or feet
  • loss of movement below the site of injury
  • Unconscious due to head injury
33
Q

How do you manage a patient with spinal injury?

A

Priorities for first aider:
Minimize movement and hold head and neck in neutral position at all times.

If casualty is conscious: reassure and do not move them
If casualty is unconscious: Recovery position with supporting the head and neck at all times in a neutral position

First Aid (1 decks)

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