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Y4 SA dermatology > Pruritic ectoparasitic disease > Flashcards

Pruritic ectoparasitic disease Flashcards

Ectoparasites other than fleas (65 cards)

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1
Q

Pediculosis - what is it? prevalence in small animal practice? species?

A
  • louse infestation
  • uncommon in dogs and cats
  • Felicola sp (cat): chewing/biting
  • Trichodectes canis (dog): chewing/biting
  • Linognathus setosus (dog): sucking
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2
Q

Pediculosis: surface, burrowing or deep?

A
  • surface
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3
Q

Pediculosis: Brief life cycle summary

A

Whole life cycle on host -> easy to kill

Can live off host?
- Adults survive 3 days only
- May have nits in bedding -> indirect infestation

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4
Q

Pediculosis: host specific?

A
  • yes
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5
Q

Pediculosis: contagious?

A
  • yes
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6
Q

Pediculosis: zoonotic?

A
  • no
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7
Q

Pediculosis: classical clinical signs

A
  • Often asymptomatic
  • may see: poor coat, scaling, papules, crusts, variable pruritus
  • Heavy infestation may -> anaemia, lethargy
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8
Q

Pediculosis: dx

A
  • Coat combing/brush
  • Hair plucks for eggs?
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9
Q

Pediculosis: importance

A
  • Uncommon
  • Dz of debilitation
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10
Q

Pediculosis: tx

A
  • Relatively easy as life-cycle entirely on host
  • Many flea adulticides effective, e.g. imidacloprid, fipronil, selamectin – all licensed, isoxazolines - not licensed but likely effective
  • Treat in-contacts also
  • Environmental cleaning recommended
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11
Q

Arachnids - examples

A
  • Sarcoptic mange (dog)
  • Cheyletiellosis (dog, cat)
  • Otodectes (dog, cat)
  • Neotrombicula autumnal (dog, cat)
  • Canine demodicosis
  • Feline demodicosis
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12
Q

Sarcoptic mange: parasite name

A
  • Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis
  • Round mite, 8 short legs
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13
Q

Sarcoptic mange: Surface/burrowing/deep?

A
  • Burrow in stratum corneum
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14
Q

Sarcoptic mange: Brief life cycle summary

A
  • Where lifecycle occurs: on host
  • Can survive off host? Yes. – How long? 1-2 days
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15
Q

Sarcoptic mange: Host-specific?

A
  • Wildlife reservoir = Fox
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16
Q

Sarcoptic mange: Contagious?

A
  • Yes, highly
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17
Q

Sarcoptic mange: Zoonotic?

A
  • Yes
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18
Q

Sarcoptic mange: Classical clinical signs

A
  • Intense pruritus
  • Papules and crusts, esp pinnal margins, elbows, hocks, sternum but other areas also affected
  • 80% show pinnal pedal reflex (hindleg scratches when pinnal lesions rubbed) – not 100% specificity
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19
Q

Sarcoptic mange: Diagnostic tests

A
  • Superficial skin scrapings: NB 25-50% sensitivity, high risk false negatives
  • IgG serology (ELISA): available but potential for false +ves and false –ves so uncommonly used. NB seroconversion takes 4 weeks so don’t sample too early
  • Therapeutic trial justified if disease suspected
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20
Q

Sarcoptic mange: Management

A

Acaracidal treatment to animals:
- Sarolaner, afoxolaner, fluralaner (ie selected isoxazolines) licensed
- Also selamectin, moxidectin
- Treat in-contacts also
- Treatments very effective but can take several weeks to respond - warn owner

Other actions:
- +/- short course corticosteroids (e.g. prednisolone) or oclacitinib (off label) to control pruritus if needed – NB pruritus may increase as mites die
- Contagious to other dogs: avoid contact
- Decontaminate or destroy fomites such as bedding, brushes
- Treat environment, e.g. environmental flea spray

Zoonotic! - advise owner

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21
Q

Cheyletiellosis: Parasite name

A
  • Cheyletiella spp
  • Heart-shaped body, 8 long legs
  • Accessory mouthparts terminate in prominent hooks
  • Other spp of this genus affects rabbits
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22
Q

Cheyletiellosis: Surface/burrowing/deep?

A
  • Surface
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23
Q

Cheyletiellosis: Brief life cycle summary

A
  • Where lifecycle occurs: on host
  • Can live/survive off host? Yes
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24
Q

Cheyletiellosis: Host-specific?

A
  • No
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25
Cheyletiellosis: Contagious?
- Yes, very
26
Cheyletiellosis: Zoonotic?
- Yes
27
Cheyletiellosis: Classical clinical signs
- Pruritus and scale, esp dorsal trunk
28
Cheyletiellosis: Diagnostic tests
- Superficial skin scraping - Microscopy of scale from combing – in LP under coverslip - Unstained acetate tape strip on skin - Trichogram for eggs - NB False negatives common so trial treat if suspect
29
Cheyletiellosis: Management in dogs/cats
- Often difficult to eradicate as can survive off host - Treat affected animal and in-contacts - Currently no licensed products but effective acaricides include: Isoxazolines, Selamectin, Moxidectin - Clean environment and treat with environmental flea spray
30
Otocariasis: Parasite name
- Octodectes cynotis - ear mites - 8 long legs
31
Otocariasis: Surface/burrowing/deep?
- Surface
32
Otocariasis: Brief life cycle summary
Where lifecycle occurs: In ears (but can also be reservoir on other areas of body) Can live off host? Yes for 5-17d
33
Otocariasis: Host-specific?
- No
34
Otocariasis: Contagious?
- Yes
35
Otocariasis: Zoonotic?
- No
36
Otocariasis: Classical clinical signs
- Ear irritation, head shaking - Excessive ear wax - Occasional irritation of face, body
37
Otocariasis: Diagnostic tests
- See mites on otoscopy - See mites/eggs on microscopy of cerumen
38
Otocariasis: tx
Systemic therapy - preferable to topicals, as mites may be harboured on other areas of body (not just in ears) - Selected isoxazolines licensed – containing sarolaner, fluralaner, afoxolaner, tigolaner - Also selamectin, moxidectin Topical therapy – rarely used, compliance difficult - Acaricidal ear drops twice daily for three weeks, as eggs unaffected NB Surolan/Aurimic and Canaural (polypharmacy ear products) - licensed but contain no anthelmintic Contain antibiotic - poor antibiotic stewardship to use for mites
39
Harvest mite infestation: Parasite name
- Neotrombicula autumnalis - Orange parasite - Visible to naked eye - 6 long legs, 2 body parts = larva
40
Harvest mite infestation: Surface/burrowing/deep?
- Surface
41
Harvest mite infestation: Brief life cycle summary
Where lifecycle occurs: - Occur seasonally (summer/autumn) and in certain geographical areas only. Nymphs and adults on ground (free-living). Only larva parasitic. Can live off host? - Yes
42
Harvest mite infestation: Host-specific?
- No - Affects dogs, cats, occasionally humans
43
Harvest mite infestation: Contagious?
- Not directly between animals
44
Harvest mite infestation: Zoonotic?
- No, but people can be infested from larvae on ground too
45
Harvest mite infestation: Classical clinical signs
- Papules, crusts, pruritus - Especially interdigital spaces, pinnae (Henry’s pocket), ventral abdomen
46
Harvest mite infestation: Diagnostic tests
- See as orange dots with naked eye - Superficial skin scrape into liquid paraffin if microscopy needed
47
Harvest mite infestation: tx
- No licensed products - Various products used e.g. -- Fipronil spray every 2 weeks -- Selamectin spot-on -- Isoxazolines – likely effective but not licensed
48
Canine demodicosis parasites
- D. canis: common, variably pruritic - D. injai: less common, highly pruritic, extra long-bodied mite
49
D. injai: Surface/burrowing/deep?
- Deep – follicular mite
50
D. injai: Brief life cycle summary
- As per D canis, but D injai often affects adult dogs - Where lifecycle occurs: Whole life cycle on host - Can live/survive off host? No
51
D. injai: Host-specific?
- Yes
52
D. injai: Contagious?
- No
53
D. injai: Zoonotic?
- No
54
D. injai: Classical clinical signs
- Intense pruritus especially face + dorsum, often greasy coat, +/- mild hair loss - Terriers predisposed
55
D. injai: Diagnostic tests
- Deep skin scrapings – multiple - Hair plucks
56
D. injai: tx
- As per D canis + investigate underlying cause - No need to tx in-contacts or environment
57
Feline demodicosis: parasites
- uncommon - D cati: long slender mite (like D canis) - D gatoi: smaller than D cats, broad short abdomen
58
Feline demodicosis: Surface/burrowing/deep
- D cati: Deep- follicular mite - D gatoi: In superficial stratum corneum
59
Feline demodicosis: Brief life cycle summary
- D cati: -- Life cycle/pathogenesis as D canis – may be secondary to FeLV/FIV, other immunosuppressive conditions --Can live off host? No - D gatoi: -- Non-follicular mite. Life cycle otherwise as D canis -- Can live off host? No
60
Feline demodicosis: Host-specific?
- D cati: yes - D gatoi: yes
61
Feline demodicosis: Contagious?
- D cati: No - D gatoi: Yes- in contacts may be asymptomatic
62
Feline demodicosis: Zoonotic?
- D cati: no - D gatoi: no
63
Feline demodicosis: Classical clinical signs
- D cati: Erythema, papules, pustules, alopecia (as D canis) - D gatoi: Over-grooming -> self-induced alopecia
64
Feline demodicosis: Diagnostic tests
- D cati: -- Deep skin scrapes (multiple – use x4 objective) -- Hair plucks - D gatoi: -- Superficial skin scrapes from areas inaccessible to tongue – need x10 objective -- Tape strips? -- Faecal exam for ingested mites? -- Check in-contacts? -- Hard to detect so trial treat if suspect
65
Feline demodicosis: tx
- For both - Localised form: may be self limiting - Generalised form: -- No licensed products -- Individual/anecdotal case reports for some isoxazolines ->Sarolaner (in Stronghold Plus), fluralaner (Bravecto spot-on) (licensed for cats for fleas/ticks and Demodex in dogs) - Need to address and correct underlying cause if possible - NB D gatoi: need to treat in-contacts also

Y4 SA dermatology (21 decks)

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