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ps 100 exam 2 > PS 100 Exam 3 > Flashcards

PS 100 Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Balance of Power

A

The maintenance of peace through the even distribution of power among competing nations so that no single state or combination of states is dominant

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2
Q

Bipolarity

A

The distribution of power between two nation-states

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3
Q

Collective Security

A

Joining of countries into an organization to maintain international peace and law. Their collective strength deters or punishes aggression by member nations. The United Nations is one such organization

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4
Q

Domination

A

Policy of exercising direct or indirect control, sometimes despotic, over others

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5
Q

Globalization

A

Rapid and explosive increase in integrative international economic activity—trade, investment, and banking. Built on the twin pillars of capitalism and high-tech communications

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6
Q

Hard Power

A

Military or economic influence

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7
Q

Hegemony

A

Circumstance in which one nation-state has overwhelming, dominating power

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8
Q

Multilateralism

A

Groups of countries operating through international organizations and engaged in collective problem-solving and problem resolution

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9
Q

Multipolarity

A

When power is distributed among several nation-states

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10
Q

Nongovernment Organization

A

A private international actor whose purpose and activity parallel those of interest groups

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11
Q

Soft Power

A

Influence exercised by less tangible means than raw power, such as persuasion, public opinion, and political skill

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12
Q

Peace

A

The absence of war. A condition of harmony between nation-states (or organized groups that aspire to become nation-states) that enables them to cooperatively, lawfully, and voluntarily (through discussion, voting, mediation, conciliation, and arbitration) work out conflicts and deal with disputes

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13
Q

War

A

Military activity or armed violence carried out in a systematic and organized way by nation-states (or organized groups that aspire to become nation-states) seeking to impose their will on other nation-states (or organized groups with nationalistic aspirations)

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14
Q

Crimes against Humanity

A

Acts of persecution, including genocide, against a group of people; considered criminal offenses above all others

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15
Q

Humanitarian Intervention

A

An internationally sanctioned, multilateral military intervention in a country to prevent or to stop genocide if the country proves unable or unwilling to do so itself

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16
Q

Human Rights

A

Freedom—legal, political, or moral—from government violations of people’s integrity and civil and political liberties (negative freedom) as well as assurance of the satisfaction of vital human needs such as food, shelter, clothing, health care, and education (positive freedom).

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17
Q

Responsibility to protect

A

Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty that outlines a state’s responsibilities toward its population and the international community’s responsibility if a state fails to protect its citizens

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18
Q

Sanctions

A

Penalties, often economic, imposed on states that violate human rights or international law

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19
Q

War Crimes

A

Violations of the laws of war as spelled out by international covenants; include atrocities committed against civilians and the mistreatment of prisoners of war

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20
Q

Developed Countries

A

Affluent, highly industrialized, and technologically advanced nations located predominantly in the Northern Hemisphere

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21
Q

Emerging Economies

A

Economies of former communist bloc countries that began shifting to a free market system with the end of the Cold War

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22
Q

Examples of emerging economies

A

Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic

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23
Q

International Monetary Fund

A

Specialized agency of the United Nations concerned with stabilizing national financial systems, promoting international monetary cooperation and exchange stability, and managing debt

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24
Q

Millennium Development Goals

A

A set of eight development goals to drastically reduce or even eliminate global poverty in the twenty-first century; adopted by the United Nations in 2000

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25
Poverty
Level of income, food, health care, education, or shelter that is below minimum quality-of-life standards; may preclude full growth and development
26
World Bank
Specialized agency of the United Nations, also known as the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), that makes loans to countries for development purposes
27
Ecology
The relationship between organisms and their environments
28
Nonrenewable resource
Irreplaceable resources, such as fossil fuels
29
Renewable resource
Resources, such as forests, that can be replaced
30
Sustainable Development
Rational and equitable approach to development that attempts to balance societal needs against environmental limitations
31
Tragedy of the Commons
Ecological metaphor calling attention to the overuse and eventual destruction of commonly held and used resources
32
National Interest
Vital needs and fundamental interest of nations
33
Anarchy
Absence of government
34
Sphere of influence
Regions in which a major power exerts influence on the domestic politics of foreign countries
35
Variable
A quantity of interest that varies between objects of study and/or over time
36
Correlation
The extent to which two variables covary
37
Spurious Correlation
When two variables covary coincidentally and not because of an actual underlying relationship
38
Correlates of war project definition of war
Sustained combat, involving organized armed forces, resulting in a minimum of 1000 battle-related fatalities within a twelve month period
39
State
Requires people, territory, government, acceptance by international community
40
Nongovernmental organization
Private international actor whose purpose and activity parallel those of interest groups
41
Civil War
Type of intra-state war where internal non-state actors take up arms against the state
42
Proxy War
Type of war where great powers support competing sides in a conflict without becoming directly involved themselves
43
Non-state War
War outside state territory or across multiple states, can be more common in failed states where a state has lost the ability to control its own territory
44
Genocide
Systematic mass destruction of a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group
45
International Organization
An organization created by states in order to coordinate their activities
46
Realism
Nation-states are motivated by self-interest, join international organizations as a way of securing and projecting power
47
Liberalism
Idealistic, committed to promoting individual freedom, join organizations to promote interdependence and stability
48
Constructivism
Rules of the global system are socially constructed, join international organizations to promote a particular view of the world
49
Political Economy
The study of the intersection of politics and economics
50
Collective Action Problem
A problem arises when a group is faced with a challenge in which group interests and individual interests conflict
51
Anthropocene
Theory in which human beings have existed in an era that is different than previous eras in Earth history
52
What does it mean for the international system to be anarchic?
There is no world government, so there is no way to enforce rule of law, thus there is an absence of government
53
Why is the concept of national interest important for understanding how a nation will behave in the international system?
States will act in their national interests, so national interest is important for predicting how states may act in the international system
54
Distribution of power in years after WWII
Hegemony of the United States
55
Distribution of power during Cold War
Bipolar (USSR, USA)
56
Distribution of power after the Cold War
Multipolar of today
57
Are all wars between state actors according to the correlates of war project?
No, organized groups aspiring to become nation-states can also take part in war
58
What does the democratic peace hypothesis predict, is the claim founded in truth?
Democracies are less likely to go to war than other types of regimes, was found that democracies are less likely to go to war with other democracies. This is not true for autocracies, who are not much less likely to go to war with other autocracies.
59
What does the correlates of war project suggest about the possibility of wars changing from one type to another over time?
Types of wars can change from one type to another over time.
60
What is a spurious correlation and why might these present challenges to researchers?
When two variables covary coincidentally and not because of an actual relationship, this presents challenge of drawing false conclusions based on false relationships
61
What aspect of the war in Syria might be categorized as a civil war? What aspect might be categorized as a proxy war?
Al-Assad vs rebels could be categorized as civil war, Russia backing Assad and the US supporting rebels could be categorized as a proxy war
62
Why might states join or create international organizations? (Realism)
In order to secure or project power
63
Why might states join or create international organizations? (Liberalism)
To promote interdependence and security
64
Why might states join or create international organizations? (Constructivism)
To promote a particular view of the world
65
True/False: Genocide is an occurrence of the past and has not been observed in the 21st century.
False
66
Examples of human rights agreements
UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Geneva Conventions
67
5 Permanent Member states on UN Security Council
China, USA, Russia, France, United Kingdom
68
Provide one example of a domestic barrier to the enforcement of human rights and discuss why it is difficult to overcome
Lack of will to intervene, citizens can be apathetic and view human rights issues as less relevant or unimportant to their lives
69
Provide one example of an international barrier to the enforcement of human rights and discuss why it is difficult to overcome
State sovereignty, it is difficult to enter another state and tell them what to do/can be costly, may not have reliable information on other countries
70
What is the primary distinction between the Global North and Global South?
Developed, industrialized countries vs developing, non-industrialized
71
What has been the trend with regard to extreme poverty?
Overall declining trend
72
In recent years, what percentage of the U.S. federal budget is spent on foreign aid?
About 1%
73
Causes of international poverty
General environment (better for food production, resistance to disease), dependence on exports(price of exports fluctuate, denying steady income and developed countries place tariffs on goods from developing ones)
74
Liberal capitalism and liberal democracy (Approaches to economic well-being)
Increasing size of economic "pie", encourage more equitable distribution. Requires cooperation to create opportunities for growth from foreign nations, developing nations, and private enterprise.
75
Illiberal Capitalism and Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Capital growth, "make the poor wait", still wants to create growth but forgoes immediate help for poor by favoring capitalist entrepreneurs, state regulation to ensure growth of GNP
76
The UN Millennium Development goals are an example of which type of international coordination?
International Organizations
77
Use the concept of a collective action problem to explain why global coordination on environmental policy is difficult.
All benefit from reducing emissions, but reducing emissions is a costly process, so there is a high temptation to free-ride as others reduce emissions and little incentive to reduce yourself because the benefits will still be enjoyed.
78
Use the concept of the tragedy of the commons to explain environmental degradation, like the drought in California
Those that do not overuse resources are not rewarded because there are others continuing to deplete the resource, so all deplete the resource which eventually is used up, a harmful consequence for all
79
The international community has been more successful at addressing the depletion of the ozone layer than global warming. Discuss two reasons why this is the case.
CFCs hurting the ozone were more easily banned because they were not critical to the economy. The threat to life on Earth was very grave.
80
Why might continued population growth represent an ecological challenge?
Not enough resources, not enough agricultural production to feed everyone
81
Liberal Conservation (Approaches to Ecological health)
Voluntary, modest reform in the form of conserving scarce resources, limiting family size, conserving the environment
82
Sustainable Development (Approaches to Ecological Health)
Rational, balanced approach of needs and limitations, calls for responsibility at the national level and cooperation at the international level

ps 100 exam 2 (2 decks)

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