PS AND CR Flashcards
(99 cards)
1
Q
What is energy?
A
ability to do work
2
Q
what are the two law of thermodynamics?
A
first law- energy is neither created nor destroyed-it is only transformed.
second law-energy cannot be converted without the loss of usable energy.
3
Q
what is thermodynamics?
A
study of the flow and transformation of energy in the universe.
4
Q
define autotrophs.
A
organisms that can produce their own food.
5
Q
define heterotrophs.
A
organisms that need to ingest food to obtain energy. (other food consumers)
6
Q
what is metabolism?
A
all of the chemical reactions in a cell
7
Q
define photosynthesis.
A
light energy (sun) converted into chemical energy (glucose).
8
Q
what type of reaction is hypothesis?
A
anabolic
9
Q
where does photosynthesis occur?
A
cytoplasm
10
Q
define cellular respiration.
A
organic molecules are broken down to release energy for use by the cell
11
Q
cellular respiration is an example of ____ reaction..
A
catabolic
12
Q
where does cellular respiration occur?
A
mitochondria
13
Q
what is ATP?
A
releases energy when the bond between the second and third phosphate group is broken.
14
Q
ATP stands for…
A
Adenosine Triphosphate
15
Q
what is ADP?
A
product of atp discharge
16
Q
describe the flashlight analogy.
A
chemical energy in the batteries —> electrical energy —> light energy.
*chemical energy in batteries is stored in bonds that hold together molecules of chemical substances inside the dry cells.
17
Q
what does all life activities requires?
A
energy and energy conversions
18
Q
what is energy conversions?
A
involve the release of energy stored as chemical bonds.
19
Q
what is the unit of cellular energy?
A
ATP
*cellular energy is stored as ATP.
20
Q
_____ energy bond is the bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate group
A
high
21
Q
it is the energy storage molecule used by most organisms.
A
ATP or Adenosine Triphosphate
22
Q
ATP/ADP can be thought of like….
A
rechargeable battery
23
Q
what are the two phases that occurs in photosynthesis?
A
- light-dependent reactions (light-reactions)
- light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle)
24
Q
what is light-dependent reactions (light-reactions)
A
occurs in thylakoid membrane
convert light energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH.
25
ATP is the ____, while NADPH is the ____.
energy source, reducing power
26
Light-DEPENDENT reaction is the ____ of photosynthesis.
photo part
27
light-INDEPENDENT reaction is the ____ of photosynthesis.
synthesis part
28
what is the Calvin cycle?
occurs in the stroma
uses products of light-dependent reactions (ATP and NADPH) to convert CO2 to sugar.
29
define stroma.
fluid that surrounds the thylakoids.
30
what is the first step in photosynthesis?
absorption of light
31
which part of the cell capture light energy?
chloroplast
32
define electron transport.
light-energy excites photosystem II; causes water molecule to split, releasing electron into the electron transport system, H+ into the thylakoid space, and O2 as a waste product.
33
excited electrons move from photosystem II to an electron-acceptor molecule in the...
thylakoid membrane
34
electron-acceptor molecule transfers the electrons along a series of electron-carriers to...
photosystem I
35
photosystem I transfers the electrons to a protein called...
ferrodoxin
36
ferrodoxin transfers the electrons to the electron carrier ____, forming the energy-storing molecule ___.
NADP+, NADPH
37
what phase of photosynthesis use light energy to generate ATP and NADPH too be used in the sugar-making reactions of the _____.
light-reactions, Calvin Cycle
38
where is thylakoid lumen located?
inside the thylakoid.
39
chloroplast stroma is located...
outside thylakoid
40
what are the reactants combined to form tweleve 3-carbon molecules called 3-GPA.
six CO2 combined with six 5-carbon compounds.
41
six CO2 molecules combined with six 5-carbon compounds form...
twelve 3-carbon molecues called 3-GPA.
42
______leave the cycle to be used for the production of GLUCOSE and OTHER ORGANIC COMPOUNDS.
two 3GP molecules
43
what enzyme converts the remaining ten 3GP molecules into 5-carbon molecules, it is called as ____.
rubisco, RuBP
44
this phase or reaction in photosynthesis is also known as being used in DARK reactions.
Calvin cycle or light-INDEPENDENT reaction.
45
what are the 3 phases in Calvin cycle?
1. CARBON FIXATION- CO2 and 5-carbon attached together
2. REDUCTION- gain electrons; ATP and NADPH are added to the cycle
3. REGENARATION- regenaration of CO2 acceptor; RuBP is regenarated so cycle continues.
46
what are the three alternative pathways of photosynthesis?
1.C3 Plants
2. C4 Plants
3. CAM Plants
47
define and give examples of C4 plants.
-fix carbon dioxide into four-carbon compounds instead of three-carbon compunds during CC.
-ex.: sugarcane, corn
48
define and give examples of C3 plants.
-reduce carbon dioxide directly in the chloroplast.
-ex.:wheats, oats, rye
49
define and give examples of CAM plants.
-occurs in water-conserving plants that live in deserts and salt marshes.
-ex.: cacti,orchids, pineapple
50
this alternative pathway keep their stomata (pores) closed during hot days
C4 plants
51
this alternative pathway, the carbon cycle happens during the day.
C3 plants
52
alternative pathway that allow CO2 to only enter at night and fix CO2 into organic compounds.
CAM plants
53
organisms obtain energy in a process called...
cellular respiration
54
what is the equation for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O ----> C6H12O6 + 6O2
55
what is the equation for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 ----> 6CO2 +6H20 + energy
56
ATP produce approximately ____; maximum amount for each glucose molecule
38
57
define cellular process
process performed within each cell of an organism
58
regenaration of ATP is by consuming...
oxygen and organic foods (sugars)
59
cellular respiration is done by...
both autotrophs and heterotrophs
60
what are the two main parts that occurs in cellular respiration?
glycolysis, and aerobic respiration
61
what is aerobic respiration?
breakdown of pyruvate in the presence of oxygen
conversion of pyruvate to CO2, H2O, and ATP
62
where does aerobic respiration occurs?
mitochondria
63
what are the stages that involves in the aerobic respiration?
1. glycosis
2. formation of ACETYL-COA
3. the KREBS cycle
4. the electron transport chain an oxidative phosphorylation
* #2 and #3 requires O2
64
Acetyl-CoA is a...
2-carbon molecule
65
krebs cycle is a...
6-carbon molecule
66
what is glycolysis?
in this process, glucose is broken down in the CYTOPLASM.
67
how many molecules of ATP and NADH are formed for each of glucose that is broken down?
2 ATP molecules and 2 NADP molecules
(2ATP; 2 NADH x 3= 6 ATP (+2 ATP) = 8ATP)
68
define krebs cycle
series of reactions in which pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide.
69
krebs cycle is also called as...
citric acid cycle
70
glycolysis has a net result of...
two ATP and two PYRUVATE
71
most energy from _____ is still contained in the ____.
glucose, pyruvate
72
what are the net yield from krebs cycle?
six CO2 molecules, two ATP, eight NADH, and two FADH2.
(2 ATP; 8 NADH x 3 = 24 ATP; 2 FADH2 x 2 = 4 ATP)
(2 ATP + 24 ATP + 4 ATP = 30 ATP)
73
what is the final step in the breakdown of glucose?
electron transport
74
electron transport produces how many ATP?
32-34
75
_____ _____ provides energy for activities
ATP produced
76
how many ATP molecules does ELECTRON TRANSPORT generates produced by AEROBIC RESPIRATION for each glucose molecule?
34
77
what is the percentage of the total energy released by oxidation of glucose is stored as ATP?
45%
78
what happens to the remainder of the total energy released by oxidation of glucose?
lost as heat.
79
what is anaerobic respiration?
respiration that does not require O2.
80
glycolysis occurs in the...
presence or absence of oxygen
81
what are the two main types of anaerobic respiration?
1. lactic acid fermentation
2. alcohol fermentation
82
what is yeast?
-unicellular fungi
-derives energy from sugar
-facultative anaerobe; aerobic respiration when O2 is present, but switches to anaerobic when oxygen is absent.
83
what does facultative anaerobe mean?
can form both aerobic and anaerobic respiration
84
what is the first step in cellular respiration?
glycolysis (1 glucose ----> 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH)
85
what happens next after glycolysis?
presence of oxygen- aerobic respiration
absence of oxygen- anaerobic respiration
86
in this respiration, cells can use the krebs cycle and electron transport chain to make up to 38 ATP.
aerobic respiration
87
the equation below is the equation for what respiration?
( 2 pyruvate + 6 O2 ---> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + up to 38 ATP)
aerobic respiration
88
with AEROBIC RESPIRATION, although CO2 is generated, an equal number of molecules of oxygen are consumed, so there is ______ in gas molecules.
no net increase
89
this respiration is LESS efficient at extracting energy (only 2 ATP per glucose molecule)
anaerobic respiration
90
what is alcoholic fermentation?
converts pyruvate to CO2 and ethanol.
ex.: yeast
91
equation for alcoholic fermentation
pyruvate + NADH ----> ethanol + NAD+ + CO2
*CO2 is the byproduct from yeast production
92
alcoholic fermentation recycles _____ to ____, providing ____ needed during glysolysis to make ATP.
NADH, NAD+,NAD+
93
alcoholic fermentation creates a ____ to keep glycolysis going.
feedback loop
94
what are the economic importance in alcoholic fermentation?
1. bakers making bread
2. wine, beer
3. ethanol added to gasoline to make gasohol
95
define lactic acid fermentation.
anaerobic respiration in which pyruvate is converted to lactic acid.
96
equation for lactic acid fermentation
pyruvate + NADH ----> lactic acid + NAD+
97
what are the economic importance of lactic acid fermentation?
1. milk "gone sour"- fermenting action of bacteria in pyruvate
2. other food products (cheese, kimchi, yogurt, soy sauce, saeurkraut)
98
how does strenuous exercise affect build-up of lactic acid?
soreness is due to build-up of lactic acid in the muscle tissues, which causses muscle fatigueness
99
what happen if O2 is low in muscles?
cells switch from aerobic respiration to lactic acid fermentation
