Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PS101 > PS101 > Flashcards

PS101 Flashcards

Exam 1

1
Q

Psychology

A

The scientific study of mind and behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Behavior

A

actions and responses directly observable and measurable
(Observable)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Main Goals in Psychology

A

-describe
-explain/understand
-predict
-control
-influencece/apply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is critical thinking?

A
  1. Taking an ACTIVE ROLE in the world around us
  2. EVALUATING THE VALIDITY of information presented to us as fact
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

2 types of research?

A

Basic – knowledge purely for its own sake
Applied – research
designed to solve a specific problem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Psychology is a multi factorial science formed by

A

-Learning Experiences
-Mental State
-Biological Make up
-Cultural Biases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Who is the Father of Psychology?

A

Wilhelm Wundt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is structuralism & who founded it?

A

Introspection; Analyzies the elements of mental experiences, such as sensations and mental images.
EX: Describing your experience at the ocean by saying it is windy, salty, and cold
Edward Titchener

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is functionalism & who founded it?

A

The mind is a functional tool that allows us to adapt to our environments
William James

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why do structuralists ask “HOW?

A

Structuralists are interested in learning about HOW different thoughts/behaviors occur
EX: structuralist might ask, HOW do I fall asleep? HOW do I grab my coffee? And then identify brain structures and muscles associated with those behaviors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why do functionalists ask “WHY”?

A

Functionalists questioned WHY we behave and think the way we do.
A functionalist might ask WHY do humans experience jealousy? Why is this experience advantageous?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Who came up with the psychodynamic perspective

A

Sigmund Freud

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is psychodynamic perspective?

A
  1. Internal and unconscious psychological forces
  2. Unresolved conflicts from the past
    EX: Ego, wish fulfillment, psychosomatic disorders (mental disorders leading to physical symptoms with no medical explanation), defense mechanisms, repressed memories, free association)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

analysis of the internal and unconscious, complex psychological forces.
- Theory, Diagnosis, Treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What was Freuds premise?

A

-Psychodynamic Perspective
1.Human beings have powerful inborn aggressive and sexual drives (Internal and primarily unconscious psychological forces)
2. Adult personality is determined by childhood experiences (Unresolved conflicts from the past)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Defense Mechanisms are formed from…

A

-Psychodynamic Perspective
(EX: Ego, wish fulfillment, psychosomatic disorders (mental disorders leading to physical symptoms with no medical explanation), defense mechanisms, repressed memories, free association)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Behavioral Perspective

A

-Behavior caused by external environment
-Knowledge is gained Empirically
-Info learned from experience, knowledge gained through senses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Tabula Rasa

A

-John Locke (empiricism)
-When people are born, their minds are effectively a blank slate, so their experiences make them who they are.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

-Leaning based on associations between events
-Involuntary & automatic (ex: flinching to a gun)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

-Father of Classical Conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Who is Edward Thorndike?

A

-Thorndike’s Law of Effect
-behaviors followed by a reward or reinforcement are more likely in the future, whereas behaviors followed by a punishment are less likely in the future.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Who is John Watson?

A

only subject matter that counts is observable behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Who is BF Skinner?

A

-Operant Conditioning: learning based on consequences of actions
-a form of learning in which the motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated
-Skinner used a hungry rat in a Skinner box to show how positive reinforcement works.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the Humanist Perspective

A

Focuses on the positive image of what it means to be human.
-Emphasizes:
-Free will
-Innate human tendency toward growth
-The attempt to find meaning in one’s existence
-Conscious awareness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Who is Abraham Maslow?
-Self Actualization = Needs Hierarchy -Humanists started the process of psychotherapy -Stimulated research on the topic of self-concept
26
What is cognitive psychology?
-Concerned with HOW we think -Investigation of perception, problem solving, intelligence
27
What is Gestalt Psychology?
-Gestalt theory emphasizes that the whole of anything is greater than its parts -Gestalt is a holistic process. It regards the individual as a totality of mind, body, emotions and spirit who experiences reality in a way unique to themselves.
28
What is cognitive neuroscience?
The study of how the brain enables the mind.
29
What is Sociocultural Perspective?
-Investigates how social environment and cultural learning influence thoughts and behaviors -Emphasizes how environment and cultural learning affect behavior, thoughts, and feelings
30
Social norms
-Rules for acceptable and expected behavior for members of the group or within the group -Can specify appropriate behavior based on gender
31
What is socialization?
-The process by which culture is transmitted to new members and internalized by them
32
What is Cross-Culture Psychology?
-Explores the similarities and differences in thinking and behavior between individuals from different cultures -Different ideals -Individualism, Collectivism
33
What is the Biological Perspective?
-Examines biological influences on behavior, including brain, hormonal, genetic, and evolutionary processes
34
Who is Karl Lashley?
-His research led to Brain Mapping -Lashley would surgically destroy (lesion)
35
What is Neurotransmitters?
-Brain chemicals that allow neural communication and cause action
35
Who is Donald Hebb?
-His research led to discovery of Neurotransmitters
36
What is behavioral genetic research?
-Examines how behavioral tendencies are influenced by genetic factors -Identical twins are 100% carbon copies of each other at birth, but environmental factors will exert influence eventually
37
What are neurons?
-Basic building blocks of the nervous system -Generate electrical activity, communicate with muscles, glands, other neurons
38
What are the 4 Main Parts of Neuron?
-Cell body (soma) -Dendrites -Axon (Axon terminals) -Myelin (most neurons have this)
39
What are Glial Cells?
- A type of cell that provides physical and chemical support to neurons and maintain their environment
40
What does the Myelin do?
-Speed up chemical communication between neurons
41
What is myelination?
-the change or maturation of certain nerve cells whereby a layer of myelin forms around the axons which allows the nerve impulses to travel faster -Occurs after you are born -This increases continuously from when you are born to when its developed
42
What is a synapse?
The places where neurons connect and communicate with each other
43
What are the Chemical Communication/Synaptic Transmission Stages?
1. Synthesis: Neurotransmitters manufactured inside the neuron Storage: Neurotransmitters stored in synaptic vesicles 2. Release: Action potential leads to movement of vesicles to axon terminal surface and release of neurotransmitters 3. Binding: Neurotransmitters bind themselves to sites on receiving (postsynaptic) neuron’s membrane 4. Deactivation: A) Reuptake: gets sucked back up into the presynaptic neuron to be used later (recycling!) B) Breakdown: another chemical comes in and breaks down neurotransmitter
44
What is Acetylcholine (Ach)? Too much/too little?
-Long term memory processes, present at junction of every motor neuron -Too little: Alzheimer’s disease, blocking ach causes muscles can’t move (botox) -Too much: Spasm → too much muscle contraction
45
What is serotonin? Too much/too little?
-Mood regulation, drives (hunger, sleep, sex, thirst) “Appetites” -Too little: Lack of appetite Depression/Antidepressants
46
What is Dopamine? Too much/too little?
-Pleasure experience, large muscle motor movement, working memory -Cocaine and Marijuana affect dopamine levels -Too little: Parkinson’s Disease -Too much: Schizophrenia
47
What is Norepinephrine? Too much/too little?
-Effects attention, fight or flight, mood -Too little: ADHD – Medications adjust norepinephrine levels -Too much: anxiety, high blood pressure and heart rate,
48
What is the Central Nervous System?
The brain and spinal cord
49
Peripheral Nervous System:
-Nervous system outside of brain and spinal cord
49
What are the 3 types of neurons?
-Sensory: Carry input messages from sense organs to spinal cord and brain -Motor neurons: Transmit messages from brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs -Interneurons: Connective and associate functions and make mental functions, emotions, and behavior possible
50
Somatic Nervous System
-Voluntary movements
51
Autonomic Nervous System (2 parts)
-Dual system -Sympathetic: Activation or arousal function, fight or flight response -Inhale -Parasympathetic: Slows down body processes; maintains calm -Exhale
52
Methods for studying the brain
-Observation -Destruction and stimulation -Neuropsychological tests -Electrical recording (e.g. EEG) -Brain imaging
53
What are CT Scans?
-Clear images of brain structures,
54
What are PET Scans?
-Positron Emission Tomography -Produces an image of the brain’s activity after radioactive material is injected into the brain
55
What are MRI scans?
-Can study both structures and activity
56
What are fMRI scans?
-Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging -Shows how different parts of your brain are working -very fast
57
What is the function of the medulla?
-Important in vital body functions: heartbeat, breathing, blinking -Decussation (left-right crossover)
58
What is the function of the pons?
-Carries nerve impulses between higher and lower levels of the nervous system
59
What is the function of the Reticular Activating System?
-Attention -Arousal -Filters incoming info -Relays sensory info to other brain areas
60
Whats the brain stem?
-Medulla -Pons Reticular Activating System Cerebellum
61
What is the cerebellum?
-Muscular movement coordination -Learning and memory
62
What is the function of thalamus?
-Organizes input from senses and sends to brain -Sensory Switchboard
63
What is GABA?
-Gamma-aminobutyric acid -40% of your neurons -Involved a LOT in movement -Released in antidepressants to create calming and relaxing feeling
63
Whats the midbrain?
-Thalamus -Hypothalamus -Limbic System: Amygdala & Hippocampus
64
What is the function of hypothalamus?
-Regulates appetites/drives -Role in motivation and emotion (Serotonin) -(hunger, thirst, sleep, sex)
65
What is the function of hippocampus?
-Involved in forming, retrieving memories
65
What is the function of amygdala?
-Organizes motivational and emotional responses -Picks up social cues from others and helps determine intent
66
What is the limbic system?
Hippocampus and amygdala
67
What is the Cerebral Cortex? (4)
-Frontal -Parietal -Temporal -Occipital
68
What is the frontal lobe function?
-CEO -Executive Functions -Broca’s Area (speech production) -Motor Cortex (how you move) -Association Cortex -personality changes, difficulty concentrating or planning, and impulsivity (Phineas Gage)
69
What is the parietal lobe function?
-Sensory cortex ( touch, pressure, heat, cold, and pain) L – language R – visuospatial, geometry, music
70
What is the temporal lobe function?
-Auditory Cortex L – Wernicke’s area: speech understanding R – Face and object recognition
71
What is the occipital lobe function?
-Vision -Primary Visual Cortex
72
Left hemisphere of the brain function?
-Controls speech, comprehension, arithmetic, and writing.
73
Right hemisphere of the brain function?
-Controls creativity, spatial ability, artistic, and musical skills
74
What is the Corpus Callosum?
-Structure that connects hemispheres and allows communication between them -Exchange information between the two hemispheres -A large set of myelinated axons connecting the right and left hemispheres
75
What is Lateralization?
-A functional dominance of one hemisphere over the other, in which one is more responsible or entirely responsible for control of a function in comparison to the other
76
Split Brain Studies?
-Investigations on split-brain patients, people whose left and right brains lack the normal connections between them. These people sometimes exhibit brain-side dominance, but they also display a range of distinctive behaviors from only one side or the other.
77
William James
functionalism
78
Sigmund freud
psychodynamic
79
Wilhelm Wundt
structuralism
80
John Watson
behavioral
81
Ivan Pavlov
behavioral
82
Edward Thorndike
behavioral
83
B.F Skinner
behavioral/ operant conditioning process
84
Abraham Maslow
humanist
85
Carl Rogers
humanist/self actualization

PS101 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions