PS101 - MIDTERM 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Consciousness
A
Our immediate awarenesss of our internal and external states
2
Q
Altered States of Consciousness
A
A change in a persons ability to be fully aware of their external surroundings and internal states
- These unclude; being asleep, having a dream, hypnosis, meditation
3
Q
States of Consciousness
A
The level of awareness we have for our external surroundings and internal states
- E.g., being fully awake or asleep
4
Q
Contents of Consciousness
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Specific thoughts we are aware of about our internal states or external surroundings
- E.g., being aware of your dog, the itch between your hsoulder blades, and your need to go to the bathroom
5
Q
Preconsciousness
A
Level of awareness in which information can become readily available to consciousness if necessary
- E.g., Bringing to mind what you had for lunch last Tuesday
6
Q
Unconscious State
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State in which information is not easily accessible to conscious awareness
- E.g., You see someone who used to bully you in highschool but, can not remember their name. Unexpectedly, their name comes to your conscious awareness minutes or days later
7
Q
Explicit Memory
A
Involve pieces of knowledge that we are filly aware of
- E.g., knowing the date of your birth
8
Q
Implicit Memory
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Refers to knowledge we are not typically aware of, information we cannot recall at will, but that we use in the performance of various tasks in life
- E.g., reading, driving, playing an instrument, speaking a second language
9
Q
Freuds Views of the Unconscious
A
- Believed majority of our personal knowledge is located in our inconscious and not readily accessible
- We repress such thoughs and memories that are to painful for consciousness
- Unconscious material can enter conscious awareness; Freudian slip: Slip of the tongue as a moment when the mind allows a repressed idea into consciousness
- Knowledge and memories stored in the unconscious maintain their ability to influence how we think, feel, and relate to others
10
Q
Adaptive Theory of Sleep
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Theory that organisms sleep for the purpose of self-preservation, to keep away from predators that are more active in the night
11
Q
Resorative Theory of Sleep
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Theory that we sleep to allow the brain and body to restore certain depleted chemical resources and elimate chemical wastes that have accumulated during the waking day
12
Q
Circardian Rhythm
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Pattern of sleep wake cycles that in human beings roughly corresponds to periods of daylight and night
13
Q
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)
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A small group of neurons in the hypothalamus responsible for coordinating the many rhythms of the body
14
Q
Hypnotic State
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A pre-sleep period often characterized by vivid sensory phenomona
- Can experience falling, floating, name being called in this state
15
Q
Hypnagogic Hallucinations
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Experiencing strange sensations during hypnotic state like falling, floating, hearings name be called
16
Q
Myoclonic Jerk
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Sharp muscular spasm that accompanies the hypnagogic hallucination of falling
17
Q
Sleep: Stage 1
A
- THETA WAVES
-Brain waves become smaller and irregular - Easy to be awakened. Stage lasts a few mins
18
Q
Sleep: Stage 2
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- SPINDLES
-Further slowing of brain activity, although we may exhibit sleep spindles - Body ocasionally twitces
- Still fairly easy to be awakened. Stage lasts 15-20 mins
19
Q
Sleep Spindles
A
Bursts of brain activity lasting a second or two
- Occurs in stage 2 of sleep
20
Q
Sleep: Stage 3
A
- DETLA WAVES appear; 20-50% of our EEG waves are delta waves
-Very deep sleep, slow waves
21
Q
Sleep: Stage 4
A
- Mostly DETLA WAVES
- Heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rates all drop to their lowest levels
- Muscles are mostly relazed, but people can be prone to sleep walking
22
Q
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep (REM)
A
Stage of sleep associated with rapid and jagged brainwave patterns, breathing, increased heart rate, and dreaming
- Stage that comes after all four stages of sleep, the stages before this are called non-rem sleep or NREM
23
Q
Non-REM Sleep (NREM)
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Stages 1 through 4 of normal sleep pattern
24
Q
Information Processing Theory
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Hypothesis that dreams are the mind’s attempt to sort out and organize the days experiences and to fix them in memory
25
Activation-synthesis Model
Theories that dreams result from the brain's attempt to synthesize or organize random internally generated signals and tries to give them meaning
26
Freudian Dream Theory
- Dreams represent the expression of unconsciousness wishes or desires
- Dreams have hidden meaning that pertain to our real life situation
27
Lucid Dreams
Dreams in which sleeps fully recognize that they are dreaming, and ocasionally actively guide the outcome of the dream
28
Insomnia
Sleep disorder characterized by a regular inhability to fall asleep or stay asleep
29
Sleep Apnea
Sleep disorder characterized by repeatedly ceasing to breathe during the night, depriving the brain of oxygen and leading to frequent awakenings
30
Excessive Daytime Sleepiness
Characterized by feelings drowsy or tired even after having a good nights sleep
31
Narcolepsy
SLeep disprder marked by incontrollable urge to fall asleep
32
Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome
Characterized by a long delay in a personas ability to fall asleep as well as difficulty waking up at a desired time
33
Advanced Sleep Syndrome
People with this tend to fall asleep early in the evening, between 6-9PM and then wake up at early hours of the day between 2-5PM
34
Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS) and Periodic Limb Movements of Sleep (PLMS)
Disorders where individuals have strong urges to move their legs, usually in the evenings just prior to falling asleep, or during in the case of PLMS
35
Sleepwalking
- Most often takes place during the first 3 hours of sleep
- Can sit up, get out of bed, walk around
- Occurs during deep non-REM sleep (Stage 3 and 4)
36
Night Terrors
- Awaken suddenly, sit up in bed, scream in extreme fear and agitation
- Experience heightend heart and breathing rates
- Do not remember in the morning
- Occurs in stage 3 and 4 of sleep
37
REM Sleep Behaviour Disorder
Moving about vigorously in your sleep, acting out in a dream
- Common with aging and parkinsons
38
Hypnosis
A seemingly altered state of consciousness during which individuals can be directed to act or experience the world in unusual ways
39
Posthypnotic Responses
Behaviour that was suggested while hypnotized, but engaged later when a specific sign is observed
40
Post Hypnotic Amnesia
Hypnotist directs the person to later forget informatioin learned during hypnosis
41
Dissociation
A splitting of consciousness into two dimensions
- One part: Fully tuned into and responsive to the hypnotists suggestions
- Other part: Operates at a less conscious lvl continuing to processess info that is seemingly unavailable to the hynotized person
42
Psychoactive Drugs
Chemicals that affect awareness, behaviour, sensation, perception or mood
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Addiction
Psychological or physical compulsion to take a drug, resulting from regular ingestion and leading to maladaptive patterns of behaviour and changes in physical response
44
Tolerance
Mark of physical dependence on a drug, in which the person is required to take incremently larger doses of the drug to achieve the same effect
45
Withdrawl Symtoms
Unpleasant and sometimes dangerous side effects of reducing intake fo a drug after a person has become an addict
46
Depressants
Class of drugs that slow the activity of the CNS
- Alcohol, sedative-hypnotic drugs
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Alcoholism
Long term pattern of alcohol addiction
48
Sedative-hypnotic Drugs
Class of drugs that produces feelings of relaxation and drowsiness
49
Opioids
Class of drugs derived from the sap of the opium poppy
50
Stimulants
Substances that increase the acitivty of the CNS
- Caffine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines
51
Hallucinogens
Substances that dramatically change ones state of awareness, causingn powerful changes in sensory perception
- LSD, psilocybin (Magic mushrooms), mescaline, DMT, ketamine, PCP, canabis
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Reward Learning Pathway
Brain circuitry that is important for learning about rewarding stimuli
53
Reward Deficiency Syndrome
Theory that people might abuse drugs because their reward centre is not readily acitivated by usual life events
54
Inattentional Blindness
Failure to notice things around us to which we are not paying attention
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Learning
A lasting change caused by experience
56
Associative Learning
Learning that involes forming associations between stimuli
- E.g., Cringing when you hear a dental drill because you associate the sound with the pain the drill has caused you in the past
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Non-associative Learning
Learning that does not involve the forming of associations between stimuli
- E.g., You can't sleep the first time in your new apartment because of different sounds. However, after a few nights, you are able to ignore the sounds. You have learned not to associate those sounds with and meaning
58
Habituation
A form of non-associative learning whereby repeated presentation of a stimulus leads to a reduction in response
- E.g., A new sound in your environment, such as a new ringtone, may initially draw your attention or even be distracting. Over time, as you become accustomed to this sound, you pay less attention to it and your response will diminish
59
Dishabituation
A form of non-associative learning whereby there is a recovery of attention to a novel stimulus following habituation
-When you start reacting to a stimulus again after habituating to it
- E.g., If you learn to ignore a loud sound, you may pay attention if the tone of the sound changes
60
Sensitization
A form of non-associative learning whereby a strong stimulus results in an exaggerated response to a subsequent presentation of weaker stimuli
- E.g., You are at home reading quietly. All of a sudden your cat knocks over a lamp, startling you. You are more likely to be startled again by your ringtone, etc. Your enhanced response to this typical stimulus may refelct the fact that sensitization has occured
61
Classical Conditioning
A form of associative learning between two previously unrelated stimuli that results in a learned response
- E.g., You initially only cringed at the sound of thunder. However, after experiencing the multiple pairings of thunder and lightning, you now also cringe at the sight of lightning
62
Natural Reflex
An automatic involuntary response that typically occurs with out learning
63
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
A stimulus that on its own elicits a response
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Unconditioned Response (UR)
A physical response elicited by an inconditioned stimulus; does not need to be learned
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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
A neutral stimulus that eventually elicits the same response as an US with which it has been paired
66
Conditioned Response (CR)
A physical response elicited by a conditioned stimulus; it is aquired through experience and is usually the same as the unconditioned response
67
Stimulus Generalization
What occurs when stimuli similar to the origional conditioned stimulus trigger the same conditioned response
- E.g., any reptiles resembling a snake elicits a fear response
68
Stimulus Discrimination
What occurs when an organism learns to emit a specific behaviour in the presence of a CS, but not in the presence of a stimuli similar to the CS
- E.g., A rat has been conditioned to expect a shock (US) when it hears a tone (CS). Following this response, the rate cna then be taught to discriminate beyween different tones
69
Higher Order Conditioning
- What occurs when a previously conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus for further conditoning
- E.g., pavlovs dogs were conditioned to salivate at the arrival of a lab assistant. However, the CS (Arrival of lab assistant) was paired with the ringing of a door bell as the assisant entered. The door bell would then become the CS.
70
Extinction
Reduction of a conditioned response after repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus alone
71
Spontaneous Recovery
Re-emergence of a conditioned response sometime after extinction has occurred
72
Phobia
A persisent, irrational, or obsessive fear of a specific pbject or situation that may arise as a result of fear conditioning
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Systematic Desensitization
A process used to condition extinction of phobias through gradual exposure
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Conditioned Taste Aversion
A form of classical conditioning whereby a previously neutral stimulus (often an odour or taste) elicits an aversion reaction after its paired with illness (nausea)
75
Operant or Instrumental Conditioning
A form of associative learning whereby behavipur is modified depending on its consequences
76
Law of Effect
A law that states that behaviours leading to rewards are more likely to occur again, while behavipurs producing unpleasantness are less likely to occur again
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Behaviourism
The systematic study and manipluation of observable behaviour
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Reinforcer
An experience that produces an increase in certain behaviour
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Positive Reinforcement
Presentation of an unpleasant consequence following a behavipur to increase the pobability that behaviour will reoccur
- E.g., Your dog sits when you ask it to, so you give it a treat
80
Negative Reinforcement
Removal of an unpleasant stimulus after a response to increase the probability that the behaviour will reoccur
- E.g., We put our seat belt on to stop the beeping
81
Punishment
An experience that produces a decrease in a particular behaviour
82
Positive Punishment
Presentation of an unpleasant consequence following a specific behavipur to decrease the probablility of the behaviour being repeated
- E.g., You slap a dog for jumping on the dining table
83
Negative Punishment
Removal of a pleasant stimulus as a consequence of a behavipur to decrease the probability of the behaviour being repeated
- E.g., Aldolescent is late for his cerfew so, his parents sat that he connot use the car the following weekend
84
Primary Reinforcer
A stimulus that has a survival valur and is therefore intrinsically rewarding
- E.g., Food, water, termination of pain
85
Secondary Reinforcer
A neutral simulus that becomes rewarding when associated with a primary reinforcer
- E.g., Money, grades, praise, approval, acceptance
86
Primary Punisher
A stimulus that is naturally aversive to an organism
- E.g., SLapping, electric shock, extreme temperatures
87
Secondary Punisher
A stimulus that becomes aversive when associated with a promary punisher
- E.g., Disapproval, criticism, bad grades
88
Continuous Reinforcement
What occurs when behavipur is reinforced everytime it occurs
89
Intermittent or Partial Reinforcement
A schedule of reinforcement where the behavipur is followed by reinforcement only some of the time
90
Fixed Ratio Schedule
A schedule of reinforcement that occurs after a specific number of responses
91
Variable Ratio Schedule
A schedule of reinforcement that occurs when the number of responses required for reinforcement is unpredicitable
92
Fixed interval Schedule
A schedule of reinforcement that occurs after varying amounts of time
93
Shaping
Introducing new behavipur by reinforcing close approximations of the desired behaviour
94
Behaviour Modification
A systematic approach to change behavipur principles of operant conditioning
95
Learned Helplessness
A situation in which repeated exposure to inescapable punishment eventually produces a failure to make escape attempts
- E.g., Reseach with rate has found that, after repeated inescapable shocks to the tail, if rats are given the option of escaping a foot shock by moving to a different area in the cage, many of them fail to do so
- Basically learn to stop trying
96
Observational Learning or Social Learning
Learning that occurs without overt training in response to watching the behaviour of others, called models
97
Modelling
What occurs when an observer learns from the behaviour of another
98
Vicarious Learning
Learning that occurs when an individual observers the consequences to anothers actions and then chooses to duplicate the behaviour or refrain from doing so
99
Mirror Neurons
Neurons fired when an animal or human performs an action or when they see another perform the same action
100
Implicit Learning
The quisition of information without awareness
101
Spacial Navigation Learning
Learning that involves forming associations among stimli relevent to nagivating in space
- E.g., Lab rats can be trained to navigate through a maze by providing them with reinforcement as they move through the maze
102
Latent Learning
A form of learning that is not expressed until there is a reward or incentive
103
Insight Learning
A sudden realization os a solution to a problem or leap in undertsanding new concepts
104
Specific Learning Disorder
A disorder that interferes with the quistions and use of one or more of the basic psychological processess involved in the development of academic skills: Oral language, reading, written language, and math
105
Personality
The unique characteristics that account for the enduring patterns of inner experuence and outward behaviour
106
ID
According to psychoanalytic theory, the personality element representing basic instintual drives (eating, sleeping, sex, comfort)
107
Ego
According to psychoanalytic theory, the personality element that works to help satisfy the drives of the ID while complying with the restraints placed on behaviour by the environment
108
Superego
According to the psychoanalytic theory, the personality element in charge of determining which impulses are acceptable to express openly and which are unacceptable; develops as we obsesrve and internalize the behaviours of others in our culture
109
Psychosexual Stages
According to psychoanalytic theory, stages int he development of personality; the stages - labelled oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital - are primarily influenced by sexuality and agression
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Neurosis
An abnormal behaviour pattern caused by inresolved conflicts between the id, ego, and superego
111
Defence Mechanisms
Unconscious tactics employed by the ego to protect the individual from anxiety
112
Repression
The most basic defence mechanism; the process of keeping unpleasant memories or thoughts buried deep within the unconscious mind
113
Denial
A defence mechanism; the process of refusing to recognize an existing situation
114
Self-actualization
The need of humans to fulfill their full & special potential; the highest level of need in Moslow's hierarchy of needs
115
Positive Psychology
An area of psychology focusing on positive experiences and healthy mental functioning
116
Self-concept
A pattern of self-perception that remainds consistent over time and can be used to characterize an individual
117
Unconditional positive regard
Acceptance without terms or conditions
118
Personality Traits
Tendencies to behave in a certain way that remain relatively constant across situations
119
Personality Trait Model
A mini-theory about the structure of personality traits
120
Lexical Hypothesis
The idea that out language contains the important way in which people can differ
121
Superfactor
A fundemental dimesion of personality made up of a related cluster of personality traits
122
Personality Inventories
A questionnaire designed to assess various aspects of personality
123
Five-factor model
An empirically derived trait model that proposes five major trait catagories
124
Socially Desirable Responding
Tailoring answers on personality inventories to try to create a good impression
125
Projective Test
A personality assessment device intended to tap a person's unconscious by presenting the person with an ambiguous stimulus and asking the person to interperet what the stimulus means
126
Situationism
A view of personality, which notes that in many social situations people respond in similar ways, meaning that the situation drives their response rather than their personality
127
Interactionism
A view emphasizing the relationship between a persons underlying personality traits and reinforcing aspects of the situations in which they chose to put themselves
128
Phrenology
A method of assessing a persons mental and moral qualities by studying the shape of the persons skull
129
Social Role Theory
Theory that gender differences occur because girls and boys develop different behaviours and skills based largely on differences in gener role expectations
130
Personality Disorder
An inflexible pattern of inner experience and outward behaviour that causes distress or difficulty with daily functioning
131
Borderline Personality Disorder
A personality disorder characterized by sevre instability in emotions and self-concept and high levels of volatility
132
Antisocial Personality Disorder
A personality disorder characterized by extreme and callous disregard for the feelings and rights of others
