PS1332 Midterm Review Flashcards
(38 cards)
What were some of the core values of Confucius?
Born in 551 BCE in Qufu, State of Lu, Died in 479 BCE, Lu.
Profoundly influenced Chinese civilization and other East Asian nations.
Emphasized education, and was rather conservative regarding ancient wisdom in addition to cultural practices.
Strong emphasis on hierarchy, in familial, social, and political life.
What messages did Confucianism amplify?
a) Emphasis on a hierarchy in social and political life.
b) Importance of mutual obligations in social ties, particularly within the family.
c) The necessity to make political connections with others.
d) Both a & b.
e) None of the above.
d) Both a & b.
True or false:
Within the Imperial System, the responsibility of the Inner Court was to master Confucian doctrine and complete bureaucratic tasks, whereas the Outer Court comprised of relatives, concubines, and eunuchs?
False, the terms are inversed, for:
Outer Court: Comprised of bureaucrats trained in Confucian doctrine, mastering the Confucian doctrine.
Inner Court: Comprised of relatives, concubines, and eunuchs. Adult relatives typically could not be entered into the outer court system due to fears of rebellion or a power struggle.
What were some primary components of a bureaucracy within the Imperial System?
Modern Elements: Highly defined offices, merit-based appointments, specialized functions.
Usually those who were most obedient to their parents were found to be the most suitable due to their loyalty, respect, and obedience for higher authority.
Moral Governance: Rooted in Confucian principles.
The Examination System (Keju) focused on which of the following?
a) Mastery of Confucianism
b) Administrative Law
c) Philosophy & Poetry
d) All of the above
d) All of the above
What was a distinctive act performed by females in Ancient China to display their family’s social status and wealth?
a) Dressing flamboyantly.
b) Bleaching of the skin.
c) Foot-binding.
d) Applying lighter-colored hair dye.
c) Foot-binding
Foot binding severely limited women’s mobility and freedom, which denoted that they were not able to work in the fields or indulge in manual labor.
What is the Mandarin term for focusing on establishing a supportive web of connections?
a) Lixian
b) Guanxi
c) Xihuan
d) Kaiman
b) Guanxi
What are the 5 components of the Malthusian Trap?
- Technological Advancements: Increases in food production.
- Population Growth: More people are fed, leading to a population increase.
- Resource Depletion: Population growth consumes more food and land.
- Crisis Point: Food supply cannot sustain population. Famine, disease strike.
- Population Decline: Crisis decreases population back to sustainable levels.
True or false: Early Qing emperors like Kangxi and Qianlong had long-lasting, strong reigns?
True
Who was the corrupt actor within the Qing Dynasty that stole approximately more than $1 billion (calculated to the common era) from the state coffers?
a) Kangxi
b) Qianlong
c) CiXi
d) He’Shen
d) He’Shen
What was Britain’s casus belli against China in 1839, sparking the Opium Wars?
a) The Chinese stole opium from the East India company.
b) China violated free trade with Britain.
c) Britain sought the opportunity to continue their colonization.
d) China and Britain had several clashes in the Western part of the nation.
In 1839, Britain declared far on China due to the violation of free trade. Although option C may have been true, Britain did not proclaim this.
Using their advanced naval capabilities, the British forces a quick defeat against the Qing.
Opium Wars
1839-42
-Britain begins to ship opium form their colonies in India and use it for trade in China instead of silver and gold
-Chinese proletariat became addicted to opium
-emperor recognized this as a potential problem and attacks a British ship carrying opium
-British upset and declare war
-Chinese no match for the British, sign the very one sided treaty of Nanjing
Treaty of Nanjing
-Chinese had to pay for the cost of war in silver and gold
-Chinese had to engage an open trade system
-Chinese had to let ambassadors communicate directly with the emperor
-Had to open up trade ports to British (at an extremely low tariff)
-British gain Hong Kong
The First Sino-Japanese War
1894-95
-Japanese challenged the Chinese gov’t power in Korea.
-Chinese army was so weakened they were unable to mobilize a strong united front
-The south wouldn’t help because it wasnt their problem.
Treaty of Shimonoseki
-Forced China to open additional trading ports
-Japanese would open manufacturing plants and use Chinese workers
-Japanese wanted Liaodong peninsula and Taiwan.
-Germans and Russians intervene and say the Japanese could not have the Liaodong peninsula
-Chinese forced to pay to regain the peninsula
What were some of the components of the Hundred Days Reform?
Far-reaching social and political reforms.
Constitutional monarchy was suggested.
De facto leader was dowager Cixi, who ruled from behind the curtains.
Cixi placed Guangxu Emperor under house arrest.
What factors led to the decline of the Qing Dynasty?
- The Qing dynasty promoted itself as a conquering force, ruling China for 268 years before collapsing in 1911-1912.
- A major contribution to the downfall of the last dynasty were external forces, in the form of new Western technologies, as well as a gross miscalculation on the part of the Qing as to the strength of European and Asian imperialistic ambitions. (This was shown in both the Opium wars, people lost a lot of faith in the Qing dynasty as it had lost the mandate of heaven and therefore needed to be overthrown.
A second major contributor was internal turmoil, expressed in a series of devastating rebellions beginning in 1794 with the White Lotus rebellion, and ending with the Boxer Rebellion of 1899-1901 and Wuchang Uprising of 1911-1912.
After the fall of the Qing Dynasty, who negotiated with the revolutionaries?
a) Empress Dowager Ci Xi
b) Yuan ShiKai
c) Emperor Puyi (former)
d) Sun Yat-sen
b) Yuan ShiKai
Sun Yat-sen’s background (Prominent in the South of China).
Emergence of Sun Yat-sen as a prominent anti-Manchu revolutionary.
Early Life: Exposure to Western ideas during his education and travels, spent time in Hawaii.
Founding of the Tongmenghui (Revolutionary Alliance) in 1905: Aimed to overthrow the Qing Dynasty and establish a republic.
Sun’s brief tenure in the new regime, followed by his ousting by Yuan ShiKai.
He played a crucial role in transitioning China from imperial rule.
Yuan ShiKai’s background (Prominent in the North of China).
Key figure in modernizing the Qing Dynasty military (the Beiyang Army)
Yuan held key positions and had significant influence within the Qing court.
Initially sought to suppress the Wuchang Uprising and defend the Qing Dynasty.
Yuan began negotiations with the revolutionaries after recognizing their momentum and played a pivotal role in convincing the last Qing Emperor, Puyi, to abdicate in favor of a republic.
Which GMD leader was assassinated in 1912?
a) Song Jiaoren
b) Yuan ShiKai
c) Hongxian
d) Sun Yat-sen
a) Song Jiaoren
Key figure in GMD Song Jiaoren was a close ally of Sun.
Led the GMD to victory in China’s first national elections (1912).
Assassinated in 1913, shortly after the election.
It is widely believed that Yuan ShiKai was behind the assassination due to fears of Song’s growing influence.
The short revival of the Imperial System under Yuan ShiKai.
Yuan proclaimed himself the Hongxian Emperor, making the start of a new dynasty in 1915.
The Monarchic System was not welcomed, and his allies abandoned him quickly.
Yuan abandoned the empire and reverted to the presidency.
Yuan died in 1916.
What were some primary influences that led to the create of the CCP?
Inspired by Russia’s Bolshevik Revolution in 1917.
Emerged from the May Fourth movement 1919.
Marx’s predictions of Western capitalist collapse appealed to some Chinese intellectuals.
Mao’s disdain for the intellectuals.
First Congress: Shanghai, July 1921.
How did the unequal treaties influence China’s political system?
The opening up of China appeared to be complete in the aftermath of the two opium wars. The foreign powers had ensured their continued presence in the Middle Kingdom, which was extremely weakened by substantially large revolts.
British merchants, who were previously allowed to trade only at the South China port of Canton (Guangzhou), were now to be allowed to trade at five ports (called treaty ports), including Canton and Shanghai.
The agreement was augmented the following year by the British Supplementary Treaty of the Bogue (Humen; October 8, 1843), which granted British citizens in China extra territorial rights, by which they were to be under the control of their own consuls and were not subject to Chinese law. It also included a most-favored nation clause, guaranteeing to Britain all privileges that China might grant to any other foreign power.
