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PSCL 101 > PSCL 101 - Test 2 > Flashcards

PSCL 101 - Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

heuristic

A

mental shortcut to make decision quickly

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2
Q

naturalistic observation

A

the act of watching objects naturally behave in their environment without trying to manipulate the situation

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3
Q

external validity

A

refers to how well the result of a study can be generalized to other settings

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4
Q

internal validity

A

refers to how accurate the result of a study resemble the actual situation in the real world

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5
Q

Case - Study Research

A

the type of research that examines a small group of individuals over a long period of time

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6
Q

Correlational Research

A

the type of research that study the relationship between two variables

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7
Q

negative correlation

A

when we say that two variables have a negative correlation with each other, it means that when one variable increase, the other decrease and vice versa

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8
Q

positive correlation

A

when we say that two variables have a positive correlation with each other, it means that when one variable increase, the other also increase and vice versa

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9
Q

zero correlation

A

when we say that two variables have a zero correlation with each other, it means that there is no relationship between of the change of a variable to the other

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10
Q

causal relationship

A

when we say that a variable has a causal relationship with another variable, it means that the change of one variable will cause the other variable to change

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11
Q

limit of correlational - designed research

A

its outcome cannot conclude whether two variables have a causal relationship or not

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12
Q

You are an above average student and typically get very good grades. Someone asks you how you maintain such good grades and you reply: “I study a lot”. The connection between studying and GPA shows a ___________ correlation.

A

positive

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13
Q

Dr. Tau is interested in examining whether there is a
link between a large social support network and the
well-being of parents who have a child who has been
recently diagnosed with autism. What kind of
research method should Dr. Tau use to answer his
research question?

A

Correlational

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14
Q

Anna is a research assistant who is interested in
examining the gender roles in a rare Mexican tribe.
She moved to Mexico and joins the tribe in attempts
to answer her research question. What kind of
research methods id Anna employing?

A

Naturalistic Observation

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15
Q

Experimental Research

A

The type of research where one variable is manipulated to examine the second variable’s change

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16
Q

independent variable

A

the variable that is being manipulated

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17
Q

dependent variable

A

the variable that is being examined

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18
Q

Experimental group

A

the group that receive the same manipulation as the independent variable

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19
Q

Control group

A

a group that is being compared to the experimental group; it doesn’t receive manipulation, or receive the one that is not related to the experiment group’s one

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20
Q

a TRUE Experiment requires two important things:

A
  1. Manipulation of the independent variable

2. Random assignment of participants to be manipulated

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21
Q

random selection

A

a procedure in a research to make sure that every person in the sample has an equal chance of
being selected

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22
Q

In an experiment investigating the efficacy of an anti -anxiety medication, you give one group .5 mg of the
drug, one group 1 mg of the drug, and the final group
a placebo (sugar pill). The drug in this experiment is
the ___________ variable

A

independent

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23
Q

reliability

A

the stability or consistency of something

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24
Q

validity

A

the degree to which a tool measures what it claims to measure

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25
Q

external validity

A

the degree to which the result of a study can be generalized for conditions outside the laboratory

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26
Q

internal validity

A

the degree to how confident we are to draw a cause - effect relationship from a result of a study

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27
Q

memory illusion

A

refers to the phenomenon where you wrongly remember the detail of something, but the wrong thing that you remember is very compelling to you

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28
Q

eyewitness testimony

A

refers to the story of a person who saw the actual event of an incident

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29
Q

flashbulb memory

A

an accurate and long-lasting memory about a traumatic event

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30
Q

multi-stage memory model

A

a model that analyze different stages of information processing: encoding, storing, retrieving

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31
Q

next - in - line effect

A

an effect that talks about human forgetting information or events right before or after their turn of performance

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32
Q

mnemonics

A

a system of studying to improve recall ability

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33
Q

storage

A

the process of storing information into the memory

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34
Q

schema

A

a collection of past knowledge that is stored in the memory that help us decide how we should behave in a certain situation

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35
Q

retrieval

A

the act of recalling previous information that is stored in the memory

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36
Q

tip - of - the - tongue phenomenon

A

a phenomenon in which a person cannot recall a word but can recall the partial definition of it

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37
Q

three system of memory

A

sensory memory, short - term memory, long - term memory

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38
Q

sensory memory

A

a memory that stored information briefly before it is passed to the short - term memory

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39
Q

short-term memory

A

memory that retains information for limited durations

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40
Q

a way to aid short-term memory

A

chunking the amount of information you have to learn into meaningful chunks

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41
Q

short-term memory loss cause

A

decay: information fades over time
interference: old information fading because of having to compete with new information going in the brain

42
Q

Retroactive Interference

A

difficulty in retaining old information because of new information floating in

43
Q

Proactive interference

A

difficulty in acquiring information due to previous knowledge

44
Q

Maintenance rehearsal

A

repeating the information in its original form, short term memory

45
Q

elaborative rehearsal

A

repeating the information in your own words

46
Q

levels-of-processing model

A

the model that measures how depth we understand the information: visual, phonological (sound), semantic ( meaning)

47
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

the phenomenon in which a person recalls the first item and the last item of a series best, the middle worst

48
Q

Primacy effect

A

the tendency to remember items at the beginning

of a series better than items later in the series

49
Q

Recency effect

A

tendency to remember items at the end of a

series better than items earlier in the list

50
Q

semantic memory

A

the memory that retains general knowledge of the world that we accumulate through our lives

51
Q

procedural memory

A

memory that tells you how to perform something

52
Q

priming

A

the ability to identify something more easily after encountering similar things

53
Q

amnesia

A

the loss of memory

54
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

loss of memories of past events

55
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

inability of remembering new information

56
Q

A researcher presents a participant with the
following set of words: teacher, notes, lesson, chalk,
read, blackboard, essay, homework, exam, class,
cram, grades, textbook, review, lecture. The
researcher then asks the participants whether they
remember seeing the word study on the list. Many
participants falsely remember seeing this word.
This is an example of a/an __________.
A. memory illusion
B. amnesic episode
C. short-term memory lapse
D. iconic memory decay

A

memory illusion

57
Q

iconic memory

A

the memory that holds visual information

58
Q 
The tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon is an 
example of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ failure.
A. encoding
B. rehearsal
C. short-term memory
D. retrieval
A

retrieval

59
Q

Although 30-year-old Diana hadn’t ridden a
bike for 10 years, as soon as she got on the
bike she knew how to ride it. Her ability to
keep her balance and maneuver a bike relies
on __________.
A. explicit memory
B. semantic memory
C. procedural memory
D. episodic memory

A

procedural memory

60
Q

explicit memory

A

memory that we strongly remember and can be retrieved whenever we needed

61
Q

episodic memory

A

memory that stores personal experiences throughout our lives, not general knowledge (semantic memory)

62
Q

The order of the basic memory processes in
which information enters the memory system
and is later used is _________.
A. encoding, retrieval, and storage
B. encoding, storage, and retrieval
C. acquisition, elaboration, and storage
D. acquisition, encoding, and retrieval

A

encoding, storage, and retrieval

63
Q

This system of memory allows individuals to
hold only about 7 “chunks” of information in
mind ________.
A. sensory memory
B. long-term memory
C. short-term memory
D. semantic memory

A

short-term memory

64
Q

Which student below is using elaborative
rehearsal to prepare for a vocabulary test?
A. Harriet, who repeats the words over and over
to herself all day long
B. Cynthia, who writes down each word and its
definition five times in her notebook
C. James, who uses flash cards of the words to go
over the definitions
D. Ryan, who draws pictures to illustrate the
meanings of each word and connect it to real life

A

Ryan, who draws pictures to illustrate the

meanings of each word and connect it to real life

65
Q

Given this list of words to remember: Book,
Ruler, Coffee, Apple, Table, Song, Bird, Guitar,
Holiday, Face, Paper, Eyes. According to the
recency effect, the words that will be
remembered the best are __________.
A. Apple, Table
B. Book, Ruler
C. Book, Eyes
D. Paper, Eyes

A

Paper, Eyes

66
Q

habituation

A

the extend to which we response less strongly to a repeated stimulus

67
Q

stimulus discrimination

A

the tendency for a person to response differently to different stimulus

68
Q

classical conditioning

A

the learning process when you you unconditionally response to an event A while B is happening, then next time you see B happening, you think that this must be the time for A

69
Q

operant conditioning

A

the learning process through experience that a behavior leads to an outcome

70
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

stimulus that leads to unconditioned response

71
Q

unconditioned response

A

response that happened spontaneously, not a learned behavior

72
Q

neutral stimulus

A

a stimulus that is not relevant to the unconditioned stimulus

73
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

a stimulus that evoked a conditioned response

74
Q

conditioned response

A

response after the learning process

75
Q

acquisition

A

the process of transforming unconditioned response to conditioned response

76
Q

extinction

A

the process of transforming conditioned response to unconditioned response

77
Q

stimulus generalization

A

the tendency for a person to response to a stimulus similarly to a conditioned stimulus

78
Q

observational learning

A

learning by watching others

79
Q 
Noah ate sushi with salmon and got sick. 
Noah now avoids eating sushi. This 
demonstrates the phenomenon of 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. latent taste learning
B. conditioned taste aversion 
C. observational taste learning
D. operant taste conditioning
A

B. conditioned taste aversion

80
Q

aversion

A

dislike

81
Q 
According to the theory of classical 
conditioning, an unconditioned stimulus 
such as meat powder (UCS) stimulates 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. an automatic response
B. a conditioned response
C. a response after being paired with a 
conditioned stimulus
D. a response after being paired with another 
stimulus
A

A. an automatic response

82
Q

Ben’s father wants Ben to stop yelling at
his sister. Whenever Ben yells at his sister,
Ben’s father takes away his beloved iPad.
Ben is now less likely to yell at his sister in
the future. This is an example of __________.
A. positive reinforcement
B. negative reinforcement
C. negative punishment
D. latent learning

A

C. negative punishment

83
Q

negative punishment

A

taking something away, unpleasant

84
Q

positive punishment

A

putting something unpleasant in

85
Q

negative reinforcement

A

taking unpleasant thing away

86
Q

positive reinforcement

A

putting pleasant thing in

87
Q 
Watson's experiment with Little Albert 
demonstrated that fears might be 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. based on classical conditioning
B. based on the innate unconscious of 
infants
C. based on the principle of observational 
learning
D. based on instinctive drift
A

based on classical conditioning

88
Q

Crystallized Intelligence

A

knowledge accumulated

over the lifespan

89
Q

Fluid Intelligence

A

the ability to solve new problems without prior knowledge

90
Q

Emotional Intelligence

A

the ability to understand our emotion and other’s emotion

91
Q

When Anne’s friend Maggy was feeling depressed
over a recent break-up, Anne took several hours off
from studying for a big test to visit Maggy and
comfort her.
Two weeks later, Anne was upset over an argument
she had with her sister, she called Maggy to talk
about it. Maggy said she was busy packing for a trip
and asked Anne if she could put off talking about it
until the following week.
Anne felt __________.
A. Sad B. Nervous C. Embarrassed
D. Resentful E. Envious

A

resentful

92
Q

Flynn effect

A

finding that IQ of people has been increasing 3 points per decade

93
Q

Intrapersonal intelligence

A

the ability to understand one’s self

94
Q

Interpersonal intelligence

A

the ability to understand and effectively communicate with others

95
Q

spatial intelligence

A

picture smart

96
Q

Corrie is well liked by all her classmates. She
has lots of friends and is always one of the first
people chosen whenever there are group
projects. According to Gardner, at which type of
intelligence does Corrie likely excel?
A) interpersonal
B) intrapersonal
C) social
D) relationa

A

interpersonal

97
Q 
Twelve-year-old Arnold 
received an IQ score of 75. 
What is his mental age? 
A) 9 
B) 10 
C) 5 
D) 7
A

A) 9

98
Q

Stern’s formula

A

Mental age / 12 x 100 = IQ

99
Q

Culture-fair tests attempt to measure
__________.
A) the intelligence of people coming from
inside the culture in which the test was
devised
B) cultural background
C) the effects of culture on people’s
intellectual and creative skills
D) the intelligence of people coming from
outside the culture in which the test was
devised

A

the intelligence of people coming from
outside the culture in which the test was
devised

100
Q

sternberg’s model of intelligence

A

creative, practical and analytical

101
Q

magic number

A

7+-2

PSCL 101 (2 decks)

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