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PSM 103 FINALS > PSM 103 (finals) xyyy > Flashcards

PSM 103 (finals) xyyy Flashcards

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1
Q

What period does Early Adulthood encompass?

A

20-25 to 40s

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2
Q

Define senescence.

A

The process of biological aging influenced by genetics, lifestyle, environment, and historical period.

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3
Q

What is the ‘wear-and-tear’ theory?

A

The theory that the body wears out from use, considered an oversimplification of aging.

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4
Q

What are the two levels involved in the theories of biological aging?

A
  • DNA-Cellular Level
  • Organ/Tissue Level
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5
Q

What does the DNA-Cellular Level of aging include?

A
  • Aging genes
  • Telomere shortening
  • Random events like mutations and free radicals
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6
Q

What is the cross-linkage theory?

A

A theory involved in the organ/tissue level of biological aging.

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7
Q

What is postformal thought according to Piaget?

A

A characteristic of cognitive changes in early adulthood.

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8
Q

What are the stages of epistemic cognition according to Perry?

A
  • Dualistic Thinking
  • Relativistic Thinking
  • Commitment within Relativistic Thinking
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9
Q

What is pragmatic thought according to Labouvie-Vief?

A

Thinking that thrives on contradiction and compromise, increasing with real-world experience.

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10
Q

What is the major psychological conflict of early adulthood according to Erikson?

A

Intimacy versus Isolation

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11
Q

What does intimacy involve?

A

Making a permanent commitment to an intimate partner and redefining identity.

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12
Q

What is the Early Adult Transition in Levinson’s theory?

A

Working on a ‘dream’ and finding a mentor.

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13
Q

What are the components of the Triangular Theory of Love?

A
  • Intimacy
  • Passionate Love
  • Compassionate Love
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14
Q

What happens to athletic skills during early adulthood?

A

They generally peak between ages 20 and 35, then decline gradually.

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15
Q

What is the social clock?

A

Age-graded expectations for life events, less rigid than in earlier generations.

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16
Q

What is the impact of secure attachment on adult relationships?

A

Linked to comfort with intimacy, trust, happiness, and friendship.

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17
Q

What is the relationship between friends in early adulthood?

A

Usually with similar peers, enhancing self-esteem and making life more interesting.

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18
Q

What are the marriage trends in early adulthood?

A
  • Marrying later
  • Fewer marriages overall
  • Trends toward staying single and cohabiting
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19
Q

What is presbyopia?

A

The inability to adjust focus to varying distances, common in middle adulthood.

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20
Q

What are the common skin changes in middle adulthood?

A
  • Wrinkles
  • Sagging
  • Age spots
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21
Q

What is the climacteric?

A

A gradual end of fertility.

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22
Q

What is menopause?

A

Occurs after a 10-year climacteric, marked by a drop in estrogen.

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23
Q

What are leading causes of death in midlife in the U.S.?

A
  • Cancer
  • Cardiovascular Disease
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24
Q

What is fluid intelligence?

A

Depends on basic information-processing skills and tends to decline slightly in middle adulthood.

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25
What is crystallized intelligence?
Depends on accumulated knowledge and tends to increase or stabilize in middle adulthood.
26
What does generativity involve according to Erikson?
Reaching out to others in ways that give to and guide the next generation.
27
What is the midlife crisis?
Most experts view it as a combined result of growing older and social experiences.
28
What is the relationship between aging and the nervous system?
Loss of brain weight accelerates in the sixties, with neurons lost, especially in the prefrontal cortex.
29
What are Activities of Daily Living (ADLs)?
Basic self-care tasks like bathing, dressing, and eating.
30
What contributes to long life?
* Heredity * Environment * Healthy lifestyle factors
31
What is the impact of hearing loss in late adulthood?
Can lead to social isolation, loneliness, lower self-efficacy, and reduced safety.
32
What are Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs)?
Conducting the business of daily life, requiring some cognitive competence, such as shopping, food preparation, housekeeping, and paying bills.
33
How does aging affect the nervous system?
Loss of brain weight accelerates in the sixties, with neurons lost in the prefrontal cortex, corpus callosum, cerebellum, and glial cells.
34
What are the consequences of hearing loss in older adults?
Can lead to social isolation, loneliness, lower self-efficacy, and reduced safety and enjoyment.
35
What are some other sensory changes that occur with aging?
Decreased taste and smell can cause dietary deficiencies and potential safety risks; less sensitivity to touch can lead to difficulties with leisure and daily activities.
36
How does sleep change with aging?
Total sleep needs remain constant, but timing changes; difficulties include insomnia, nighttime waking, and sleep apnea.
37
What are effective coping strategies for adapting to physical changes in aging?
Prevention, compensation, a sense of personal control, problem-centered coping, assistive technology, and 'smart-home' design.
38
How does sexuality change in older adults?
Sex remains important, though frequency may decline; healthy couples continue regular, enjoyable sex.
39
What is the difference between primary and secondary aging?
Primary aging involves genetically influenced declines affecting all members of a species, while secondary aging involves declines due to heredity and environment.
40
What is osteoarthritis?
Deteriorating cartilage in frequently used joints, common and related to wear and tear.
41
What characterizes rheumatoid arthritis?
An autoimmune response causing inflammation of connective tissue, cartilage growth, deformed joints, and loss of mobility.
42
What are the main causes of adult-onset diabetes?
Too little insulin or cells being insensitive to insulin, with rising incidence due to heredity, inactivity, and abdominal fat.
43
What is dementia?
Impairments of thought and behavior disrupting everyday life, including Alzheimer's disease and cerebrovascular dementia.
44
What are the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease?
Forgetting, disorientation, personality change, depression, motor problems, delusions, speech problems, and infections.
45
What are neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques?
Brain changes associated with Alzheimer's disease.
46
What is selective optimization with compensation?
A strategy involving selecting personally valued activities, optimizing resources for those activities, and compensating for limitations.
47
What is the difference between deliberate and automatic memory?
Episodic memory lapses occur, while automatic memory is better; recognition is easier than recall.
48
What is associative memory deficit?
Difficulty in creating or retrieving links between pieces of information.
49
What is remote memory?
Very long-term recall including autobiographical memory.
50
What is prospective memory?
Remembering to engage in planned actions; event-based is easier than time-based.
51
What are the key aspects of language processing in aging?
Little change in comprehension; losses in word retrieval and ability to plan/speak.
52
What does Erikson's theory of ego integrity vs. despair entail?
Integrity means feeling whole and satisfied with achievements; despair involves feelings of wrong decisions and unacceptance of death.
53
What are Peck's tasks of ego integrity?
Ego differentiation, body transcendence, and ego transcendence.
54
What is gerotranscendence according to Joan Erikson?
A cosmic, transcendent perspective directed beyond self, heightened inner calm/contentment.
55
What is emotional expertise as per Labouvie-Vief?
Decline in cognitive-affective complexity, gain in affect optimization, and vivid emotional perceptions.
56
What is reminiscence?
Telling stories about the past, which can be self-focused or other-focused.
57
What is life review?
A form of reminiscence with the goal of greater self-understanding.
58
What characterizes a secure self-concept in older adults?
Allows for self-acceptance and pursuit of possible selves, including gaining agreeableness and resilience.
59
What is the 'Third Age' in aging?
Ages 65-79+ marked by personal fulfillment, self-realization, and life satisfaction.
60
What is the 'Fourth Age'?
Involves physical decline and needing care.
61
What are the dependency-support and independence-ignore scripts?
Dependency-support script attends to dependent behaviors; independence-ignore script ignores independent behaviors.
62
What does the socioemotional selectivity theory state?
Social networks become more selective with age, emphasizing emotion-regulating functions of social contact.
63
What types of elder maltreatment exist?
Physical abuse/neglect, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, and financial abuse.
64
What benefits do leisure and volunteer activities provide in older adults?
Self-expression, new achievements, helping others, and social interactions.
65
What is optimal aging?
Involves minimizing losses and maximizing gains.
66
What is the agonal phase of dying?
The first moments when the regular heartbeat disintegrates, characterized by gasps and muscle spasms.
67
What defines clinical death?
An interval where heartbeat, circulation, breathing, and brain functioning stop, but resuscitation is still possible.
68
What is brain death?
The irreversible cessation of all activity in the brain and brainstem, standard for death in most industrialized nations.
69
What factors influence children's understanding of death?
Experience with death, religious teachings, and candid discussions with adults.
70
What are the recommended approaches for discussing death with children?
Take the lead, listen perceptively, acknowledge feelings, provide facts candidly, and solve problems jointly.
71
How does death anxiety vary among adults?
Cultural variations influenced by religious teachings; women often more anxious than men.
72
What are the stages of dying according to Kübler-Ross?
* Denial * Anger * Bargaining * Depression * Acceptance
73
What is the hospice approach?
A comprehensive program of support for dying individuals and their families.
74
What is passive euthanasia?
Withdrawal of treatment, often involving an advance medical directive.
75
What is assisted suicide?
Medical staff provide the means for the patient to end their own life.
76
What are advance medical directives?
A written statement of desired medical treatment in case of incurable illness.
77
What are the stages of the grief process?
* Avoidance * Confrontation * Restoration
78
What is the role of death education?
Imparts knowledge, may increase discomfort; experiential formats can reduce death anxiety.

PSM 103 FINALS (1 decks)

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