pst2235 exam quiz

Question 1

What does the term prodromal refer to when discussing disease characteristics?

Answer 1

Early stage of vague, non-specific symptoms

Question 2

What is the difference between a sign and a symptom? give examples

Answer 2

signs = objective - Rash, tachycardia
symptoms = subjective - dizzy, nausea, pain

Question 3

What is the name given to an increase in cell number via cellular division?

Answer 3

hyperplasia

Question 4

What does the term apoptosis mean?

Answer 4

Programmed cell death

Question 5

What are 2 characteristics of visceral pain?

Answer 5

referred and poorly localised

Question 6

What is the name given to an area of skin innervated by a specific spinal nerve?

Answer 6

dermatome

Question 7

Briefly define the term - iatrogenic

Answer 7

injury or disease caused by medical intervention or errors

Question 8

when discussing disease,. what is the difference between incidence and prevalence?

Answer 8

incidence is the number of new cases, prevalence is the number of all cases

Question 9

list 2 chemical mediators that are involved in inflammatory response

Answer 9

histamine, cytokines

Question 10

what area of the brain is responsible for temperature control?

Answer 10

hypothalamus

Question 11

what is the term given to the maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment?

Answer 11

homeostasis

Question 12

what fluid shifts occur when a hypotonic solution is infused into a normally hydrated patient?

Answer 12

water will be drawn from the solution into the cells as the cells will have a higher solute concentration than the infused fluid

Question 13

which hormone, secreted by the adrenal gland, stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb sodium and water? what effect would this have on blood pressure?

Answer 13

aldosterone
raises blood pressure

Question 14

which substance is released by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney in response to reduce blood volume?

Answer 14

renin

Question 15

an abnormal accumulation of water in the interstitial tissue is commonly referred to as what?

Answer 15

Oedema or swelling

Question 16

which common electrolyte imbalance triggers the thirst reflex?

Answer 16

Hypernatraemia

Question 17

life threatening arrhythmias are a severe consequence of which electrolyte imbalance?

Answer 17

hyperkalaemia

Question 18

which hormone “pulls” calcium from bones and increases absorption?

Answer 18

parathyroid hormone

Question 19

what is the name of the receptors that initiate a respiratory response to changes in pH?

Answer 19

chemorecepetors

Question 20

which electrolyte is vital to support energy needs and oxygen transport?

Answer 20

phosphorus

Question 21

how long do renal compensatory mechanisms take to adjust pH?

Answer 21

hours to days

Question 22

which acid-based imbalance is characterised by an excess of non-carbonic acid (non-volatile)?

Answer 22

metabolic acidosis

Question 23

what is the difference between volatile and non-volatile acids?

Answer 23

volatile excreted through respiration and non-volatile excreted through the renal system

Question 24

in what stage of shock do rouleaux formations and capillary obstruction occur?

Answer 24

decompensating

Question 25

which coronary artery supplies blood to the conduction system?

Answer 25

right

Question 26

what is the number 1 rule for shock management?

Answer 26

assume hypovolaemic until proven otherwise

Question 27

what is the formula for calculating MAP?

Answer 27

diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure

Question 28

what are the 4 stages of the progression of shock in the microcirculation?

Answer 28

vasoconstriction, capillary, and venue opening, DIC, multiple organ failure

Question 29

what is the definition of cardiogenic shock?

Answer 29

shock that occurs due to the inability of the heart to deliver adequate circulating volume for tissue perfusion

Question 30

list 3 non-modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease

Answer 30

gender, age, family history, type 1 diabetes

Question 31

provide 3 management goals for the treatment of Acute Coronary Syndrome

Answer 31

reduced workload, increase O2 delivery, minimise clot formations

Question 32

which type of angina is caused by vasospasm of the coronary artery?

Answer 32

prinzmetal's angina

Question 33

what are the 2 main branches of the left main coronary artery?

Answer 33

Left anterior descending and circumflex

Question 34

what type of MI is caused by micro-emboli becoming lodged in the distal coronary arteries?

Answer 34

Non-stemi

Question 35

describe the pharmacological management of chest pain of presumed cardiac origin

Answer 35

fentanyl, oxygen, nitrates, aspirin

Question 36

what is the life-threatening condition that occurs as a result of left ventricular failure?

Answer 36

Acute pulmonary oedema

Question 37

what condition is characterised by sudden syncope, pain in the back or abdomen and unequal BP readings?

Answer 37

Dissecting aneurysm

Question 38

asthma is a sudden or progressive narrowing of the airways caused by what 3 mechanisms?

Answer 38

Bronchospasm, swelling, increased mucous production

Question 39

At what rate should an asthmatic patient be ventilated with a BVM?

Answer 39

4-6 breaths per minute allow extra time for air to be expelled

Question 40

which group of conditions results in destruction of alveoli and reduced surface area for gas exchange?

Answer 40

CAL - bronchitis and emphysema

Question 41

An inability to lie flat due to breathing difficulties is termed?

Answer 41

Orthopnoea

Question 42

what is the most effective long-term treatment for the management of chronic asthma?

Answer 42

steroids

Question 43

describe the difference between high VQ and low VQ

Answer 43

high VQ - ventilation is normal but there is decreased perfusion low VQ - ventilation is reduced but there is adequate perfusion

Question 44

list 4 medical causes of seizures

Answer 44

hypoglycaemia, infection, epilepsy, drug withdrawal

Question 45

what are the phases of an epileptic seizure?

Answer 45

aura, tonic, clonic, post-ictal

Question 46

what is the medical terminology for difficulty speaking?

Answer 46

dysphasia

Question 47

what type of strokes have a better prognosis - ischaemic or haemorrhagic?

Answer 47

ischaemic

Question 48

what are the 4 types of headaches identified?

Answer 48

tension, migraine, cluster and sinus

Question 49

typically, what percentage of beta cells are destroyed before type 1 diabetes manifests?

Answer 49

80-90%

Question 50

list 3 common symptoms of hyperglycaemia

Answer 50

polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia

Question 51

what is the mechanism of action of glucagon?

Answer 51

it stimulates glycogenolysis which requires stores of glycogen in the liver

Question 52

what autoimmune disease causes excess thyroid hormone secretion?

Answer 52

Grave's disease

Question 53

Cushing's syndrome is caused by an excess of which hormone?

Answer 53

cortisol

Question 54

in a hypersensitivity reaction which cells release histamine?

Answer 54

mast cells

Question 55

which type of disorder involves a failure in recognising or a loss of tolerance to self?

Answer 55

autoimmune disease

Question 56

what types of immune cells differentiate into plasma cells?

Answer 56

B cells

Question 57

what is the main difference between T cells and B cells?

Answer 57

T cells respond directly to attack invading organism and B cells produce antibodies