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PSY 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Personality.

A

A pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way a person adapts to the world.

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2
Q

Describe the 4 methods of assessing personality.

A
  1. Observations: direct behavioral observations with a set of evaluation guidelines.
  2. Interviews: Can be either structured or unstructured.
  3. Objective tests: Participants self-report on paper and pencil questionnaires.
  4. Projective tests: Participants respond to ambiguous stimuli.
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3
Q

What is the purpose of measuring personality through self-report tests and projective tests?

A

Projective tests use ambiguous stimuli, allowing the test taker to project unconscious thoughts onto the test material.

Examples include the Rorschach Inkblot Test and Thematic Apperception Test.

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4
Q

What is the psychodynamic perspective of personality?

A

Developed by Sigmund Freud, it emphasizes the influence of unconscious psychological processes and early childhood experiences in shaping adult personality.

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5
Q

What are the three structures that comprise a person according to psychodynamic theory?

A
  1. Id: The primitive part of personality that seeks immediate gratification.
  2. Superego: The moral part of personality that incorporates parental and societal standards.
  3. Ego: The rational part that operates according to the reality principle.
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6
Q

Define defense mechanism.

A

The ego’s protective method of reducing anxiety by distorting reality and/or through self-deception.

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7
Q

What is rationalization?

A

Distorts the facts; unacceptable behaviors may be reinterpreted as socially acceptable.

Example: Cheating on an exam and thinking it’s acceptable because ‘everyone does it.’

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8
Q

What is displacement?

A

Desires that cannot be fulfilled in one context may be displaced onto another, usually a less threatening person or object.

Example: Unfulfilled aggression at work may reveal itself at home.

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9
Q

What is projection?

A

Attributes one’s own unacceptable thoughts, motives, or impulses to others.

Example: Denying your own attraction to others by becoming unreasonably jealous of your partner.

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10
Q

What is reaction formation?

A

Transforming unacceptable motives into the opposite.

Example: Promoting a petition against an adult bookstore while secretly fascinated by pornography.

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11
Q

What is intellectualization?

A

Ignoring the emotional aspects of a painful experience by focusing on abstract thoughts.

Example: Someone diagnosed with cancer may read extensively about the disease while ignoring emotional pain.

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12
Q

What is regression?

A

Reverting to immature ways of responding.

Example: Throwing a temper tantrum when a friend doesn’t want to do what you would like.

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13
Q

What is denial?

A

Refusing to acknowledge anxiety-producing realities.

Example: Not believing a loved one has a serious illness.

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14
Q

What are Freud’s 5 stages of Psychosexual Development?

A
  1. Oral: Mouth, major task is weaning.
  2. Anal: Anus, task is toilet training.
  3. Phallic: Genitals, task is overcoming the Oedipus complex.
  4. Latency: No focus on pleasure, interacting with same-sex peers.
  5. Genital: Genitals, establishing intimate relationships.
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15
Q

What are the strengths of the psychodynamic theory of personality?

A
  1. Emphasis on the unconscious and its influence on behavior.
  2. Conflict among the id, ego, and superego.
  3. Encouraged open talk about sex.
  4. Development of psychoanalysis.
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16
Q

What are the limitations of the psychodynamic theory?

A
  1. Inadequate empirical support.
  2. Many concepts cannot be empirically supported.
  3. Overemphasis on sexuality and unconscious forces.
  4. Underestimation of learning and culture.
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17
Q

What is the humanistic perspective of personality?

A

Personality and behavior depend on how we perceive and interpret the world; people are naturally good.

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18
Q

Define unconditional positive regard.

A

Love and acceptance with no contingencies.

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19
Q

What is self-concept?

A

All the information and beliefs individuals have about their own nature, qualities, and behavior.

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20
Q

What is trait theory of personality?

A

Views individuals as having distinct, stable personality traits that influence behavior across various situations.

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21
Q

What are the Big Five factors of personality?

A
  1. Openness: Curious vs. practical.
  2. Conscientiousness: Organized vs. careless.
  3. Extraversion: Outgoing vs. reserved.
  4. Agreeableness: Trusting vs. critical.
  5. Neuroticism: Anxious vs. calm.
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22
Q

What is reciprocal determinism?

A

Cognitions, behaviors, and the environment interact to produce personality.

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23
Q

What is self-efficacy?

A

Learned expectation of success; affects choices and efforts in reaching goals.

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24
Q

What is Walter Mischel’s CAPS model?

A

Argues that behavior and personality vary considerably across contexts, emphasizing stability over time rather than across situations.

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25
What is Eysenck's Reticular Activation System Theory?
Argues extroverts and introverts have different baseline levels of arousal.
26
Define learned helplessness.
Failing so much that you learn not to try. ## Footnote Example: Seligman's study on dogs exposed to inescapable shocks.
27
Define mood disorders.
Include extreme disturbances in emotional states, becoming problematic when persistent and causing distress.
28
What are the symptoms of major depressive disorder?
For at least 2 weeks, five or more symptoms including depressed mood, reduced interest, changes in weight, sleep, and concentration.
29
What are the characteristics of schizophrenia spectrum disorders?
Abnormalities in delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking, and negative symptoms.
30
Identify risk factors for suicide.
Family history of suicide or child maltreatment, previous suicide attempt(s), mental illness (particularly clinical depression), alcohol or other drug misuse, physical illness and chronic pain, hopelessness, impulsiveness, aggressiveness, local epidemics of suicide, and isolation.
31
Describe the characteristics of schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders.
Abnormalities in one or more of the following: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking (speech), grossly disorganized or abnormal motor behavior (including catatonia), and negative symptoms.
32
Define and identify the negative and positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
Positive symptoms are adding on symptoms like hallucinations or delusions, while negative symptoms are decreased or missing symptoms of normal behavior like emotions or motivation.
33
Know the genetic contribution of schizophrenia.
Risk is 6 times greater if one parent has schizophrenia.
34
Define neurodevelopmental disorders. Describe the core characteristics of Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
ADHD shows a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development.
35
Describe the core characteristics of autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
A child or adult with ASD may have problems with social interaction and communication skills, including signs like failing to respond to their name, resisting cuddling, and preferring to play alone.
36
Define clinical psychology.
Clinical Psychology is the area of psychology that integrates science and theory to prevent and treat psychological disorders.
37
Define psychotherapy.
Psychotherapy is a nonmedical process used to treat psychological disorders by the use of various strategies.
38
Define biological therapies.
Biological therapies are treatments that reduce or eliminate a psychological disorder by altering bodily functions.
39
Does psychotherapy work?
Yes, psychotherapy works for many mental health issues, with evidence-based practice and empirically supported treatments playing a key role in its effectiveness.
40
Define empirically supported treatment.
Empirically supported treatments are those that have been proven effective in controlled research.
41
Define evidence-based practice.
Evidence-based practice integrates research with clinical expertise and patient preferences.
42
Define psychotropic medications.
Medications used to treat psychological disorders; they treat the symptoms but do not cure the disorder.
43
Define atypical antipsychotics.
Atypical antipsychotics treat negative symptoms of schizophrenia by targeting both dopamine and serotonin receptors.
44
Define antidepressants.
Antidepressants alter levels of serotonin and norepinephrine.
45
Define anti-anxiety medications.
Anti-anxiety medications are designed to alleviate symptoms of anxiety, such as feelings of fear, dread, and muscle tightness.
46
Define stimulants.
Stimulants improve the ability to focus on a task and maintain attention (ADHD).
47
Define electroconvulsive therapy.
Electroconvulsive therapy induces seizures to help alleviate severe depression.
48
Define transcranial magnetic stimulation.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells to improve depression symptoms.
49
Define psychosurgery.
Psychosurgery involves the removal or destruction of brain tissue to improve the individual’s symptoms.
50
Define psychoanalysis.
Psychoanalysis is a therapeutic approach focused on understanding and resolving unconscious psychological conflicts.
51
What is the goal of psychoanalysis?
The goal of psychoanalysis is to promote self-awareness, enhance insight into one's thoughts and behaviors, and ultimately improve psychological well-being.
52
Define free association.
Free association involves speaking freely about thoughts to uncover unconscious material.
53
Define dream analysis.
Dream analysis helps patients interpret dreams by exploring their symbolic meaning.
54
Define transference.
Transference is the unconscious redirection of feelings and emotions to analyze how experiences influence relationships.
55
Define client-centered therapy.
The goal of client-centered therapy is to facilitate the client's self-actualization and personal growth through a supportive and empathetic therapeutic relationship.
56
What are the therapeutic qualities of communication in client-centered therapy?
Therapeutic qualities include empathy, genuineness, and unconditional positive regard.
57
Define cognitive therapy.
Cognitive therapy treats problem behaviors and mental processes by focusing on faulty thought processes and beliefs. For example the girl who though she was gonna be kidnapped learning that no one had been kidnapped in her neighborhood ever.
58
Define self-talk.
Self-talk is the internal dialogue people have when interpreting events.
59
What is selective perception?
Selective perception is focusing on negative events.
60
What is overgeneralization?
Overgeneralization is drawing broad, negative conclusions from a single negative event.
61
What is all-or-nothing thinking?
All-or-nothing thinking is seeing things in binary terms (e.g., black or white).
62
Define behavioral therapy.
Behavioral therapy helps individuals develop coping skills, manage current problems, and build resilience for future challenges.
63
Define exposure therapy.
Exposure therapy involves repeatedly exposing the client to the object or situation that causes their problem.
64
Define aversion therapy.
Aversion therapy involves exposing the client to something unpleasant while they engage in a specific behavior.
65
Define systematic desensitization.
Systematic desensitization gradually associates a calm state with increasing levels of anxiety-inducing stimuli.
66
Define cognitive-behavioral therapy.
Cognitive Behavior Therapy combines cognitive therapy with behavior therapy.
67
Define cognitive restructuring.
Cognitive restructuring is the process of changing destructive thoughts or inappropriate interpretations.
68
What is the goal of cognitive behavioral therapy?
The goal of cognitive behavioral therapy is to change faulty thinking and behaviors.
69
What are the first-line therapies for anxiety disorders?
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) are often the first-line choices.
70
What are the first-line therapies for depressive disorders?
SSRIs and SNRIs are common first-line medications, with CBT often recommended.
71
What are the first-line therapies for schizophrenia?
Treatment typically involves antipsychotic medications, often combined with psychotherapy.
72
What are the first-line therapies for ADHD?
In both children and adults, stimulants like methylphenidate and amphetamines are first-line treatments.

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