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PSY 101 > PSY 10 Ch. 1-5 > Flashcards

PSY 10 Ch. 1-5 Flashcards

(109 cards)

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1
Q

Variables

A

Factors, either events in the environment or other behaviors, that often change along with the behavior of interest.

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2
Q

Observation

A

Thé careful noting and recording of events that occur over time

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3
Q

Descriptive method

A

Making observations with the goal of accurately and impartially describing and cataloging behaviors without any attempt to influence harm

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4
Q

Surveys

A

A means of gathering data about behavior by having people answer questions about their behavior, thoughts, or opinions.

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5
Q

Axon

A

Passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons muscles or glands an extension form the nerve cell.

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6
Q

Terminal branches of axon

A

Forms junctions with other cells, the end of the axon.

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7
Q

Neural impulse

A

Action potential, electron signaling that travels down the axon

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8
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive messages from other neurons extending off a neuron.

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9
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Covers the axon and some neurons and helps speed neural impulses.

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10
Q

Action potential

A

A neural impulse that travels down an axon like a wave

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11
Q

When does the cell send the action potential

A

When it reaches the threshold

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12
Q

When is the threash

hold reached

A

When excitatory (Fire) signals outweigh the inhibitory (dont fire) signals by a certain amount

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13
Q

Serotonin

A

neurons send their axons through the brain, controls sleep, arousal, and mood.

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14
Q

norepinephrine

A

speeds heart rate breathing and and neural activity “fight or flight response”

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15
Q

GABA

A

reduces neuron activity major inhibitory transmitter

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16
Q

Glutamate

A

involved in memory excitatory transmitter.

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17
Q

Acetylcholine

A

a neuron transmitter used by many parts of the nervous system

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18
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

When someone thought they knew it all along

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19
Q

The confidence error

A

mistakenly perceiving order in random events

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20
Q

Over confidence error

A

” I am sure I am correct”

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21
Q

Scientific Method

A

Self-correcting process for asking questions and observing answers use this to test your hypothesis

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22
Q

Case Study

A

A careful, intensive observation of one or a few individuals, typically people who display a particular behavior, can be a source of of ideas behind human nature

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23
Q

Observation “natural behavior

A

Watching subjects in the natural space without changing anything

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24
Q

Surveys

A

A method of gathering information about many people’s thoughts or behaviors through self-report rather than observation. Be careful about the wording of questions. only question randomly sampled people.

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25
Random Sampling
a technique for making sure that every individual in a population has an equal chance of being in your sample.
26
correlation
an observation that two traits or attributes are related to each other (thus, they are "co"-related)
27
scientific definition
a measure of how closely two factors vary together
28
Correlation coefficient
the number representing the strength and direction of correlation.
29
Experimentation
Manipulating one factor in a situation to determine its effect. ex. removing sugar from the diet of children with ADHD to see the difference.
30
Control group
The group that is the same in every way other than the one variable we are changing
31
Independant Variable
A variable we are able to manipulate independently of what the other variables are doing
32
Dependent Variable
The variable we use to experience a change which depends on the manipulation we're doing
33
Confounding variables
Might have an effect on the dependent variable
34
Cell Body
The cells life support center \it surrounds the nucleus.
35
longitudinal study
You will get a more accurate result but studying the same person over a period of time
36
cross-sectional
you won't get as good of a conclusion since you are studying different people over time.
37
Mode
the most common level/number/score
38
Mean (arithmetic average)
The sum of the scores, divided by the number of scores
39
Median (middle persons score or 50th percentile)
The number/level that half of people scored above half and half scored below
40
Range
the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution
41
Standard deviation
a calculation of the average distance of scores from the mean
42
"Bell shape"
Normal curve
43
neurons
the atoms of the mind
44
cell body
the cell's life support center
45
The synapse
junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron
46
neurotransmitters
chemicals used to send signals across the synaptic gap - are released from the sending neuron and stimulate receptor sites on the receiving neuron. These are the signals telling the receiving cell whether or not to fire the next action potential. 8
47
Reuptake
After neurotransmitters stimulate the receptors on the receiving neuron the chemicals are taken back up into the sending neuron to be used again
48
Dopamine
influences movement learning attention and emotion oversupply linked to schizophrenia
49
the central nervous system CNS
consists of the brain and spinal cord makes the decisions for the body
50
The peripheral nervous system
consists of the rest of the nervous system gathers and sends info to and from the rest of the body
51
Sympathetic nervous system
arouses fight or flight
52
Parasympathetic nervous system
calms - rest and digest
53
the endocrine system
sends molecules as messages through the blood stream
54
pituitary gland
"master gland" produces hormones that regulate other glands such as the thyroid
55
EEG
a recording of the electrical waves sweeping across the brain's surface studies seizures and sleep
56
PET
Allows us to see what part of the brain is active by tracing where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task
57
MRI
makes images from signals produced by brain tissues after magnets align the spin of atoms
58
FMRI
reveals brain activity and function rather that structures. compares MRI images taken a split second apart and shows the changes in the level of oxygen in blood flow in the brain.
59
the brain stream and cerebellum
coordinates the body
60
the limbic (border) system
manages emotions, and connects thought to body
61
The cortex (outer covering )
integrates infromation
62
the medulla
controls most basic functions such as heartbeat and breathing
63
pons
help coordinate automatic (swallowing, facial expressions, eye movement) and unconscious movements (body movement during REM sleep)
64
Thalamus
all sensory messages except smell are routed through here
65
cerebellum little brain
helps coordinate voluntary movement like when playing a sport
66
limbic system coordinates
fear and aggression hunger, etc
67
hippocampus
processes conscious episodic memories emotionally charged memories
68
Amygdala "almound"
Process emotions fear and aggression
69
Hypothalamus
Regulates body temperature and ensures adequate food and water intake
70
frontal lobes
speaking muscle movements making plans and judgements, executive functions
71
parietal Lobes
include sensory cortex, pain temperature, joint movement, touch
72
occipital lobes
include the visual areas they receive visual information from the opposite visual field bottom back of the brain
73
temporal lobes
including the auditory processing areas, bottom of the brain
74
The brain is flexible
the brain does not repair damaged neurons but it can restore some functions, can form new networks and insert new neurons some grown from stem cells.
75
genome
an organism's entire collection of genes
76
Factors from our environment influence gene expression through the
epigenome
77
twins
if 100% concordance rate then identical twins would have 100% probability of sharing a particular trait. Individuals with same genetic make up
78
phenotype
the physical expression of those genes
79
genes
segments of DNA that code for particular protiens
80
protein production
nucleotide pairs determine production of amino acids which intern combine to produce proteins
81
Heritability
a statistical estimate of what percentage of variation for a trait is caused by the various genotypes
82
genotype
the genes a person has for a trait. determines which environments one encounters, the makeup of a gene.
83
Parental contributions
parents create a certain environment for their genetically similar child. passive because children are passive recipients of both genes and environment provided by their parents' ex many parents are athletic and so they might pass that on to their kids.
84
individual development
social cultural influences biological influences psychological influences
85
development
is the result of ongoing bidirectional interchange between heredity and environment
86
Reflexes
responses that are inborn and do not have to be learned.
87
rooting reflex
when something touches a newborns cheek the infant turns twords that side with an open mouth
88
the sucking reflex
when a baby begins sucking trying to get milk
89
crying when hungry
the newborn using the right sounds to motivate parents to end the noise and feed the baby
90
accomidation
refers to adjusting our schema to better fit our experiences
91
assimilation
refers to incorporating new experience's into our existing scheme/categories
92
object permanence
an infant's ability to know that an object still exists even when it is not seen, 6-8 months
93
conservation
when kids developed the ability to know that the quality doesn't change even when it's been altered
94
Egocentrism
a child's inability to see another person's POV
95
Reversibility
the ability for kids to undo something, can mentally reverse the actions or steps
96
centration
the child only being able to focus on one thing at a time
97
theory of mind
the ability to understand that others have their own state of mind
98
Autism
severe social and communication disabilities, they lack theory of mind.
99
symptoms of autism
1. Lack of eye contact 2. lack of joyful expressions 3.lack of sharing interest and enjoyment 5.lack of response to name 6. lack of nonverbal communication 7. repetitive movements with objects 8.repetative movements of body
100
cognition
the mental activities that help us function jean Piaget
101
Vygotsky
focused on how kids learn in the concept of social communication, kids learn thinking skills by internalizing language from others, building a scaffold of mentoring, language, and cognitive support from parents and others. Continuous development
102
attachment
an emotional tie to another person, a desire for physical closeness to a caregiver
103
secure attachment
most kids feel distressed when mom leaves and when she comes back they calm down
104
anxious insecure attachment
clingy towards mom less likely to explore environment and may get loudly upset with mom's departure and remain upset when she returns
105
avoidant attachment
seeming indifferent to mom's departure and return
106
disorganized attachment
inconsistent patterns of behavior
107
temperament
a persons emotional makep up the way a person generally responds to a variety of situations
108
sensitive periods
time during development when exposure to stimuli has the greatest effect on a particular behavior
109
preoperational stage
After the childeren learn to use languauge to represent objects and actions

PSY 101 (2 decks)

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