PSY 202 Flashcards
(84 cards)
1
Q
Social Psychology
A
The scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another.
2
Q
Social Norms
A
formal or informal rules of behaviour
3
Q
Internal Attributions
A
behaviour is due to a persons personality
4
Q
External Attributions
A
behaviour is due to external situation
5
Q
FAE
A
Fundamental Attribution Error: Tendency to assign internal attributions to behaviour of others.
6
Q
Stereotypes
A
Belief about a group of people
7
Q
Prejudice
A
emotion- negative prejudgement of another group based on a stereotype of that group
8
Q
Discrimination
A
Behaviour- unjustifiable negative behaviour towards a group and its people.
9
Q
Latent Discrimination
A
micro-agressions
10
Q
Blatant Discrimination
A
are on a decline in society
11
Q
Collectivistic Cultural
A
group needs above individual needs
12
Q
Individualistic Cultural
A
characterized by individual needs
13
Q
Sub-Typing
A
new category for outliers
14
Q
IN-Group Bias
A
our group is superior
15
Q
Out-group Homogeneity
A
all out group is the same
16
Q
Sherif Robber’s Cave Study
A
realistic conflict theory
17
Q
Realistic Group Conflict
A
competition creates prejudice ( robbers cave)
18
Q
Conformity
A
changing ones behaviour or beliefs to match the group
19
Q
Sherif Autokientic Study
A
groups find own social norm of perception
20
Q
Asch Line Study
A
People will conform when the action is obviously wrong
21
Q
Information Influence
A
conforming due to uncertainty
-sherifs study
22
Q
Normative Influence
A
conforming in order to have other people like you more
-achs study
23
Q
Obedience
A
power= adjusting ones behaviors because of direct order by someone in power
24
Q
Milgram Study
A
participants were told they were part of teaching experiment, they were always the instructor, were told to give painful shocks for wrong answer
25
Prosocial Behaviour
Behaviour that benefits society of helps others
26
Bystander Effect
people are less likely to help when others are present.
27
Pluralistic Ignorance
we assume others know how to react
28
Diffusion of Responsibility
assuming others will respond
29
Latane and Darley Decision Tree
model of helping, process bystanders go through when deciding to help
30
Latance and DArley Smoke Study
studied how students reacted to dangerous situations when others were passive
31
actor-Observer Bias
explains errors that one makes when forming attributions about the behaviour of others
32
Explain how the following terms are related: Internal Attribution, External Attribution, FAE
attributions are explanations of behaviour and FAE is the idea we have more understanding of our own behaviours and with others we tend to assign attributions.
33
How are the following terms related: stereotype, prejudice, discrimination
stereotype in the belief, prejudice is the emotions and discrimination is the behaviour.
34
What are factors that increase hatred toward others? How can we reduce intolerance?
ignorance and stereotyping
35
What is the primary difference between conformity and obedience?
conformity is doing things so others like you and obedience is doing something because someone is power told you too
36
How is the Sherif Autokinetic study related to the Asch Study
im not sure
37
Why was the Milgram study so controversial?
It traumatised the participation's
38
What are factors that influence our levels of conformity?
group size
status
cohesion
public commitment
39
What are factors that influence our levels of obedience?
proximity of victim
proximity of authority figure
type of authority figure
40
Why do people fail to help in emergency situations? Explain this in terms of the decision tree and bystander effect.
the decision tree
41
How can we increase prosocial behavior
```
remove restraints on helping behaviour:
-clarify situation
-increase bystander responsibility
emotions
-guilt
modelling
-watching others help promotes helping
```
42
Structuralism
- Wilhelm Wundt
- applied science principals to PSY questions
- what is underlying structures of the mind.
- Intangible
43
Functionalism
william james
what is the adaptive function of the mind?
interested in the applications of psychology and free will?
44
Psychodynamic
```
Freud
unconscience factors that influence behaviour
model of human psyche
used to treat mental disturbances
second hand research
```
45
Behaviourism
thorndike, pavlov, skinner, watson
mind is a black box
emphasis on principals od learning
made popular by watson
46
Cognitive
```
computer model for human mind
what are mental processes for life
how does perception influence thought
easily combines with other areas of psy
development of A.I
```
47
How to read Correlation coefficient
indicates strength and direction of relationship
closer to 1 stronger relationship.
both increase or decrease its positive
if they do the opposite its negative
48
IV/DV
independent- things that is changed
| dependent- thing that is measured.
49
Control Group
does not receive treatment
50
Experimental Group
does receive treatment
51
Random Assignment
insures all groups are equivalent
52
operationalize Definitions
define everything:
| important for future replication
53
Biases and how to correct: Cofounding Variables, Participant Biases, Experimenter Biases
cofounding variables- variables that researcher failed to control, or eliminate, damaging the internal validity of an experiment.
participant Biases- when participants act they way they think researcher wants them too
experimenter Biases- when researcher acts differently to different parts of study giving information away.
54
Piaget's theory of cognitive development and milestones
1.sensorimotor- birth to 2 years
object permanence
separation anxiety
2. Pre-operational 2-6 years
conservation
3. concrete operations 6-12
have reversibility and are able to decentrate
trouble with abstract
4.formal operations
scientific reasoning
55
Assimilation
applying existing schemas to new situations
56
accommodation
changing existing schemas
57
3 temperament types
1.Easy: majority of babies
-moderate to low intensity reactions
predictable
2. difficult:
high intensity reactions
difficult handling change
3.slow to warm up
moderate
more + than -
58
parenting styles
1. Authoritatian- power assertion. HIgh control low response
2. Authoritative- management of behaviour and induction *best one*
3. permissive- no rules and responsibility
4. uninvolved
59
Attachments styles
```
1.secure: most children
good exploration
moderate stranger anxiety
joyous reunion
2.Avoident:
good exploration
low levels of separation anxiety
cool indifferent reunion
3. ambivalent:
poor exploration
strongest emotions response
stiff arm reunion
```
60
sex
biological classification based on genetic composition, anatomy, and hormones
61
gender
cultural expectations and beliefs about that is masculine and feminine
62
intersex
physical abnormality with sex organs
63
Freud Stage Theory
```
structures of consciousness: conscious, preconscious, and unconscious
structures of personality:
Id:pleasure principal
Ego:reality principal
superego: conscience, ego idea
psychosexual stages:
1. Oral: birth to 18 months
mouth
id develops
oral dependent
2. Anal 1-3 years
toilet training
anal retentive
ego develops
3. Phallic 3-6 years
begin to notice sex differences
oedipus complex
electra complex
super ego
hyper masculine or mamas boys
manipulative woman or feminists
4. latent 6-puberty
5. Genital puberty onwards
mature love
```
64
O.C.E.A.N
```
o- openness to experiences
c-conscientiousness(related to job)
e-extraversion
a-agreeableness (how to get along)
n-neutoticism ( anxious)
```
65
Phobias
cued panic
causes: classical conditioning, preparedness, bio disposition
treatment: exposure therapy, flooding desensization, modeling.
66
agoraphobia
fear of uncontrolled environment
67
panic attacks
sudden experience of intense fear and apprehension
causes: increased NH, misinterpreting body signals
Treatment: drugs, cog therapy
68
OCD
obsessions: intrusive thoughts or images
compulsions: rituals used to surpress
causes: low SE, abnormal brain structures
treatment: combination = success. drugs cog, behavior control, psycho.
69
Generalised anxiety disorder
excessive, constant, counter productive worries
causes: threatening environments, maladaptive relationships with parents, low gaba
treatments: talk therapy, restructure cognitions, drugs
70
PTSD
fear and anxiety last long after event.
causes: trauma, high cortisol, personality, childhood poverty/ trauma, weak social support
treatment: EMDR, drugs, therapy
71
Somatoform Disorders
Person may believe or appear to have a physical impairment- but there is no physical cause for symptom
causes: reinforcement for behavior, distorted cog
treatment: therapy most effective, maybe meds if comorbid issue
72
Conversion
physical malfunction cannot be traced to organic cause
73
Hypochondriasis
illness anxiety disorder
74
Dissociative Disorders
disruption in persons memory
causes: trauma
treatment: psychotherapy
75
Amnesia
unable to recall event or period of time
76
Fugue
different person for some amount of time
77
Dissociative Identity Disorder
multiple personality disorder
78
Mood Disorders
intense or disrupting changes in mood
causes: low SE/NE inherited, environment
treatments: drugs + therapy
79
major depression
5 or more symptoms in a 2 week period
| episode but not mania
80
Bipolar
extreme mood swings
causes: possibly inherited, link to brain structures
treatment: drugs + therapy
81
Schizophrenia
positive and negative symptoms
```
causes: genetic link
prenatal influence
brain chemistry
environmental stressors
treatment: medication + therapy
```
82
eustress
pos stress
83
distress
negative stress
84
general adaption
how we respond to stress:
initial alarm: call body to action
stage of resistance: adapting to stressor
stage of exhaustion: burnout and physical exhaustion
