PSY 202 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY EXAM 1 Flashcards
(41 cards)
1920s (Ethics)- Central VA Training Center
Lynchburg Virginia- Residential facility for people to mental illness and they were sterilized. Eugenics movement- kept people with mental illness and intellectual disabilities from procreating forcibly sterilized.
1940s (Ethics): Nuremberg Trails
: The Nuremberg trials were held by the Allies against representatives of the defeated Nazi Germany for plotting and carrying out invasions of other countries across Europe and atrocities against their citizens in World War II.
1950s (Ethics): Tuskegee Studies
Clinic African Americans were not being treated with syphilis but were told they were given placebo and wanted to study progression of the disease.
1970s (Ethics): Zimbardos Prison Study
men were recruited to study prison life and this made men have mental health issues.
1979 (Ethics): Belmont Report
Institutional Review Board review any research done on people to make sure it is ethical and done properly.
2003 (Ethics)
APA Ethical Standards, June 2003.
Belmont Report (Ethics)
Respect for persons has two parts to it. The first is to make sure the people are doing research voluntarily. The second is that if the research causes the harm the people should be excluded.
Belmont Report Continued (Ethics)
Respect for persons/autonomy- Treat others with respect their ability to provide informed consent.
Beneficence- Do not harm participants, maximizing risks.
Justice- Research subjects should be selected fairly and that the benefit and risks of research should be distributed equitably.
Researcher’s Responsibilities (Ethics)
Analyze and report (avoid fraud and plagiarism).
Preserve wealth and dignity.
Review committee (IRB).
Benefits outweigh harm.
No long-term negative effects.
Follow federal,state, and local laws.
Informed consent.
Right to withdraw.
Debriefing.
Special Circumstances- Research with Kids (Ethics)
Evaluate risk-benefit ratio.
Protect kids from harm.
Parental consent ( also school/daycare ).
Assent of children 7 and up.
Confidentiality
Deception, debriefing.
Control group rights.
Deception (Ethics)
Withholding information, actively misleading.
Debriefing
Fraud (Ethics)
Presenting anything that is not real can be made up data, making up studies that did not happen.
Attitudes Definition (Attitudes)
Tendency to think,feel, or act positively, negatively or mixed toward something.
Three components:
Cognitive: Think.
Affective: Feel.
Behavioral: Act.
Measuring: Overt Measures (Attitudes)
Questions.
Likert scale.
Problems.
Self–report.
Social desirability.
Self deception.
Bogus-pipeline.
Measuring: Covert Measures (Attitudes)
1) Behavior
Word had white male interviewers interview white and black men for jobs. Made more eye contact, had fewer speech errors, sat closer, and had longer interviews with white men.
2) Saliva
Plous- device placed and make a racist comment about another person in control groups negative comments was said no racial slur and they took their saliva.
3)Facial movements
When we listen to something we agree/disagree with different body parts move. Eyebrows disagree, cheek agree measured with EMG you cannot see them with the naked eye we don’t know how much you disagree/agree with the message.
4)FMRI
Cunningham people were asked about people as past or present in other condition they were asked if they are good/bad. Amygdala was activated in both conditions.
IAT
Greenwald and Banaji
Associate two concepts.
Explicit vs. Implicit- explicit attitudes you are open to express
1) Unwilling vs. unable
2) Without awareness, attention, control
Williams et al 2020 (Attitudes)
Research took place at a high school students were randomly assigned to receive intervention or control materials during an optional summer orientation program. Intervention focused on two main messages students from minority backgrounds in the intervention condition received better grades than their peers.
Black Lives Matter (Attitudes)
Implicit attitudes are very hard to change over the long term. When we see a stimulus that we have attitudes regarding the attitudes will happen automatically can be positive or negative.
Sawyer and Gampa implicit vs explicit racial attitudes before and during periods of BLM protests using 1,359,204 IAT sessions from 2009-2016. The BLM movement consistently pairs the categories of Black and positive words.
Implicit attitudes were less pro-white during BLM than pre BLM and become increasingly less pro-white over time during BLM period.
Participants of all political orientations displayed reductions in pro-white implicit and explicit bias with the largest effects for the liberal participants and the weakest effects for the most conservative participants.
Whites become less implicitly pro-white during BLM, whereas Blacks showed little change. Regarding explicit attitudes whites become less Pro-White and Blacks become less Pro-White and Blacks became less Pro-Black during BLM, each moving toward “no preference”.
Attitude/Behavior Consistency (Attitude)
A- implicit attitude/ behavior consistency
You are less likely to make eye contact with a person from a different background.
LaPierre (Attitude)
1930s travelling around country with a chinese couple who were his graduate students and once they travelled around one country they were refused service. Later on he wrote to the places where they visited and asked those places if they would accept chinese patrons 90% if the places said that they would not accept chinese patrons.
Theory of Planned Behavior (Attitude)
Your attitudes, subjective norms, and your feelings of perceived control all influence your intention to behave in a particular way and that in turn influences your actual behavior.
Subjective norms- our beliefs about how other people want us to act or social pressures.
Perceived control- If you think you can have control over situation or not.
Intention- your intention to behavior in a particular way.
Tesser/Genes (Attitude)
Some of our strong attitudes can be in our genetic makeup. He looked at twins to test this.
He looked at attitudes of identical and non identical twins. Also looked at attitudes of identical twins who were raised separately and those who were raised together. Attitudes of identical twins are more similar to each other than the attitudes of non-identical twins but the attitudes of identical twins who were raised separately are similar to each other as those who are raised together.
Self-relevant (Attitude)
Attitudes that directly affect you in your own outcomes and your own self-interest are more likely to be consistent with or behaviors than attitudes that are not likely to affect you.
Direct experience (Attitude)
If our attitudes are based on your own direct experience those attitudes tend to be stronger and more consistent with our behaviors.
Supported by Friends/Family (Attitude)
Attitudes of friends/family members tend to be stronger and more likely to be consistent with your behaviors.
